Abstract
Given the increasing exploration of endemic Brazilian parrotfishes and their classification as threatened, there is an emergent need to gather biological and fisheries information to assess their stocks. We performed a comprehensive review of 134 studies addressing key topics of information related to stock assessments: (1) the distribution and population structure; (2) age, growth and mortality; (3) reproductive biology; (4) feeding ecology; (5) fishing data, and (6) management actions. This review focused on the most explored Brazilian parrotfish species: Scarus trispinosus, Scarus zelindae, Sparisoma amplum, Sparisoma axillare, and Sparisoma frondosum. The most abundant species, Sp. axillare, and the most threatened, Sc. trispinosus, are better studied; hence data-moderate stock assessments are viable for both species. As information gaps are largest for Sp. zelindae, only simple Risk analyses are possible for this species. Stock productivity and status may be obtained for the remaining species, enabling data-limited assessments. The few official fisheries statistics available are inaccurate and have been discontinued since 2010; scientific studies represent the main source of information about Brazilian parrotfishes’ captures but are sparse. How stocks are structured and distributed along the coast must be defined, thus genetic structuring and site fidelity studies are necessary. Life-history traits such as mortality, growth, sexual modes, social organization, and maturity must be a subject prioritized for all species. Brazilian fisheries statistics programs must be resumed and improved urgently. The academic community and stakeholders must focus on filling these essential knowledge gaps to promote the successful evaluation of their stocks and solid recovery actions. Otherwise, Brazilian parrotfish populations—and the fisheries and ecosystem functions dependent on them—may be at risk.
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Data availability statement
All data analyzed during this study are included in supplementary information files.
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Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation to J Cope, the parrotfish researchers DP Véras, KIT Valdés, L Eggertsen, and the two anonymous referees for the insights that considerably improved the manuscript, and/or for the contribution of additional studies to this review. We also thank DP Véras for providing parrotfishes photos. LVMVQ received a doctoral fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). We thank CNPq for research grant to BPF (grant 309216/2018-4) and for co-funding of the Repensapesca project with the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (grant 445806/2015-0). We are grateful to Projeto Budiões for the support of Brazilian parrotfish research through Petrobras sponsorship, provided by the Petrobras Socioambiental Program.
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LVMVQ, MF, BPF, and JLLF conceived the ideas and developed the selection and data extraction criteria. LVMVQV developed and performed the search strategy. LVMVQ and JLLF scanned the articles for the inclusion criteria and led the writing of the manuscript. All authors critically contributed to the drafts, provided feedback, and approved the final manuscript.
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de Queiroz-Véras, L.V.M.V., Ferreira, B.P., Freitas, M. et al. A critical review and knowledge gaps to assess and manage threatened parrotfishes’ stocks in Brazil. Aquat Sci 85, 44 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-023-00939-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-023-00939-x