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Update PONV – Was gibt es Neues bei der Prophylaxe und Therapie von postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativem Erbrechen?

Zusammenfassung rezenter Konsensusempfehlungen sowie Cochrane-Reviews zu Prophylaxe und Therapie postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativen Erbrechens

Update on PONV—What is new in prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting?

Summary of recent consensus recommendations and Cochrane reviews on prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting

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Zusammenfassung

Auch wenn für Anästhesiologen über Jahrzehnte die Prophylaxe und Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen im Rahmen des postoperativen Patientenkomforts an vorderster Stelle standen, ist das Auftreten von postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativem Erbrechen (PONV) aus Patientensicht ein höchst relevantes Ereignis mit einem sehr ähnlichen Stellenwert. Entsprechend aktueller konsensusbasierter Empfehlungen soll bei allen Patienten das Ausgangsrisiko für PONV möglichst niedrig gehalten (z. B. durch den gezielten Einsatz von Regionalanästhesieverfahren) und ein erhöhtes Risiko anhand gängiger Risikoklassifizierungen identifiziert werden. Generell wird zu einer liberalen Verabreichung einer Prophylaxe geraten, im Zweifel auch unabhängig von Risikoabschätzungen. Eine Prophylaxe mit 2 Antiemetika, wie z. B. die Gabe von Dexamethason in Kombination mit einem 5‑HT3-Rezeptor-Antagonisten, kann in vielen Szenarien die Basis für alle Patienten darstellen und soll bei hohem Risiko um Dritt- und Viertprophylaxen aus weiteren Substanzklassen ergänzt werden. Eine kürzlich publizierte, umfassende Cochrane-Übersichtsarbeit zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit verfügbarer Antiemetika konnte für die Wirkstoffklasse der NK1-Rezeptor-Antagonisten die höchste Effektivität im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung postoperativen Erbrechens feststellen. Generell waren Kombinationen unterschiedlicher Antiemetika effektiver als Einfachprophylaxen. Bei Kindern ab dem 3. Lebensjahr gelten die gleichen Grundsätze zur PONV-Prophylaxe wie bei Erwachsenen. Für diese Patientengruppe liegt ein hoher Grad an Evidenz für die Kombination von Dexamethason und 5‑HT3-Antagonisten vor. Zur Therapie von PONV sollten gemäß Leitlinienempfehlung Pharmaka aus Substanzklassen eingesetzt werden, die noch nicht im Rahmen der Prophylaxe gegeben wurden.

Abstract

The prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative pain to enhance patient comfort has been a primary goal of anesthesiologists for the last decades; however, avoiding postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is, from a patient’s perspective, a highly relevant and equally important goal of anesthesia. Recent consensus-based guidelines suggest the assessment of risk factors including female gender, postoperative opioid administration, non-smoking status, a history of PONV or motion sickness, young patient age, longer duration of anesthesia, volatile anesthetics and the type of surgery and reducing the patient’s baseline risk (e.g. through the use of regional anesthesia and administration of non-opioid analgesics as part of a multimodal approach). In general, a liberal PONV prophylaxis is encouraged for adult patients and children, which should also be administered when no risk assessment is made. The basis for every adult patient should be a standard prophylaxis with two antiemetics, such as dexamethasone in combination with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. In patients at high risk, this should be supplemented by a third and potentially a fourth antiemetic prophylaxis with a different mechanism of action. A recently published comprehensive Cochrane meta-analysis comparing available antiemetic prophylaxes reported the highest effectiveness to prevent PONV for the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant (relative risk, RR 0.26), followed by ramosetron (RR 0.44), granisetron (RR 0.45), dexamethasone (RR 0.51) and ondansetron (RR 0.55), thereby revising the dogma that every antiemetic is equally effective. Adverse events of antiemetics were generally rare and reported in less than half of the included studies, yielding a low quality of evidence for these end points. In general, combinations of different antiemetics were more effective than single prophylaxes. In children above 3 years of age, the same principles should be applied as in adults. For these patients, there is a high degree of evidence for the combination of dexamethasone and 5‑HT3 receptor antagonists. When PONV occurs, the consensus guidelines suggest that antiemetics from a class different than given as prophylaxis should be administered. To decrease the incidence of PONV and increase the quality of care, the importance of the implementation of institutional-level guidelines and protocols as well as assessment of PONV prophylaxis and PONV incidence is highly recommended.

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Correspondence to Maximilian S. Schaefer.

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Interessenkonflikt

P. Kienbaum: Consulting fees: Baxter Germany, TEVAR ratiopharm GmbH; Payment for lectures: Baxter Germany, Orion Pharma Germany, Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: DAMB (HandiCAP-Tial Münster), AdBoard (TEVAR ratiopharm). M.S. Schaefer: Grants or contracts from any entity: Has received a grant for investigator-initiated studies from Merck & Co. Other financial or non-financial interests: co-author of the Cochrane Review (Weibel et al. 2020). T. Schlesinger: Other financial or non-financial interests: co-author of the Cochrane Review (Weibel et al. 2020). L.H. Eberhart: Consulting fees: Fresenius Kabi GmbH, TEVA ratiopharm GmbH. P. Kranke: Grants or contracts from any entity: NHS Funding (Cochrane Review, (Weibel et al. 2020)); Consulting fees: TEVA ratiopharm GmbH, Fresenius Kabi, CSL Behring, Vifor; Support for attending meetings: Department Resources (PONV Consensus Panel in Las Vegas); Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: Vifor; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group: Guideline Committee of the ESAIC, WFSFA Obstetric Committee, DGAI. S. Weibel und P. Meybohm geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Kienbaum, P., Schaefer, M.S., Weibel, S. et al. Update PONV – Was gibt es Neues bei der Prophylaxe und Therapie von postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativem Erbrechen?. Anaesthesist 71, 123–128 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-021-01045-z

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