Zusammenfassung
Auch wenn für Anästhesiologen über Jahrzehnte die Prophylaxe und Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen im Rahmen des postoperativen Patientenkomforts an vorderster Stelle standen, ist das Auftreten von postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativem Erbrechen (PONV) aus Patientensicht ein höchst relevantes Ereignis mit einem sehr ähnlichen Stellenwert. Entsprechend aktueller konsensusbasierter Empfehlungen soll bei allen Patienten das Ausgangsrisiko für PONV möglichst niedrig gehalten (z. B. durch den gezielten Einsatz von Regionalanästhesieverfahren) und ein erhöhtes Risiko anhand gängiger Risikoklassifizierungen identifiziert werden. Generell wird zu einer liberalen Verabreichung einer Prophylaxe geraten, im Zweifel auch unabhängig von Risikoabschätzungen. Eine Prophylaxe mit 2 Antiemetika, wie z. B. die Gabe von Dexamethason in Kombination mit einem 5‑HT3-Rezeptor-Antagonisten, kann in vielen Szenarien die Basis für alle Patienten darstellen und soll bei hohem Risiko um Dritt- und Viertprophylaxen aus weiteren Substanzklassen ergänzt werden. Eine kürzlich publizierte, umfassende Cochrane-Übersichtsarbeit zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit verfügbarer Antiemetika konnte für die Wirkstoffklasse der NK1-Rezeptor-Antagonisten die höchste Effektivität im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung postoperativen Erbrechens feststellen. Generell waren Kombinationen unterschiedlicher Antiemetika effektiver als Einfachprophylaxen. Bei Kindern ab dem 3. Lebensjahr gelten die gleichen Grundsätze zur PONV-Prophylaxe wie bei Erwachsenen. Für diese Patientengruppe liegt ein hoher Grad an Evidenz für die Kombination von Dexamethason und 5‑HT3-Antagonisten vor. Zur Therapie von PONV sollten gemäß Leitlinienempfehlung Pharmaka aus Substanzklassen eingesetzt werden, die noch nicht im Rahmen der Prophylaxe gegeben wurden.
Abstract
The prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative pain to enhance patient comfort has been a primary goal of anesthesiologists for the last decades; however, avoiding postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is, from a patient’s perspective, a highly relevant and equally important goal of anesthesia. Recent consensus-based guidelines suggest the assessment of risk factors including female gender, postoperative opioid administration, non-smoking status, a history of PONV or motion sickness, young patient age, longer duration of anesthesia, volatile anesthetics and the type of surgery and reducing the patient’s baseline risk (e.g. through the use of regional anesthesia and administration of non-opioid analgesics as part of a multimodal approach). In general, a liberal PONV prophylaxis is encouraged for adult patients and children, which should also be administered when no risk assessment is made. The basis for every adult patient should be a standard prophylaxis with two antiemetics, such as dexamethasone in combination with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. In patients at high risk, this should be supplemented by a third and potentially a fourth antiemetic prophylaxis with a different mechanism of action. A recently published comprehensive Cochrane meta-analysis comparing available antiemetic prophylaxes reported the highest effectiveness to prevent PONV for the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant (relative risk, RR 0.26), followed by ramosetron (RR 0.44), granisetron (RR 0.45), dexamethasone (RR 0.51) and ondansetron (RR 0.55), thereby revising the dogma that every antiemetic is equally effective. Adverse events of antiemetics were generally rare and reported in less than half of the included studies, yielding a low quality of evidence for these end points. In general, combinations of different antiemetics were more effective than single prophylaxes. In children above 3 years of age, the same principles should be applied as in adults. For these patients, there is a high degree of evidence for the combination of dexamethasone and 5‑HT3 receptor antagonists. When PONV occurs, the consensus guidelines suggest that antiemetics from a class different than given as prophylaxis should be administered. To decrease the incidence of PONV and increase the quality of care, the importance of the implementation of institutional-level guidelines and protocols as well as assessment of PONV prophylaxis and PONV incidence is highly recommended.
Literatur
Apfel CC, Greim CA, Haubitz I et al (1998) A risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:495–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05157.x
Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M et al (2004) A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 350:2441–2451. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032196
Bailard N, Rebello E (2018) Aprepitant and fosaprepitant decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84:602–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13472
Chargenrückruf: Xomolix 2,5 mg/ml, 10 × 1 ml Injektionslösung. https://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/amk/amk-main/rueckrufe-chargenrueckrufe-und-chargenueberpruefungen/2021/online-nachricht-chargenrueckruf-xomolix-25-mgml-10x1-ml-injektionsloesung/
Corcoran TB, Myles PS, Forbes AB et al (2021) Dexamethasone and surgical-site infection. N Engl J Med 384:1731–1741. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028982
De Oliveira GS, McCarthy R, Turan A et al (2014) Is dexamethasone associated with recurrence of ovarian cancer? Anesth Analg 118:1213–1218. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a5d656
Eberhart L, Koch T, Kranke P et al (2014) Activity-based cost analysis of opioid-related nausea and vomiting among inpatients. J Opioid Manag 10:415–422. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2014.0238
Eberhart LHJ, Geldner G, Kranke P et al (2004) The development and validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 99:1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000135639.57715.6C
Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S et al (2020) Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 131:411–448. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833
Habib AS, Reuveni J, Taguchi A et al (2007) A comparison of ondansetron with promethazine for treating postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who received prophylaxis with ondansetron: a retrospective database analysis. Anesth Analg 104:548–551. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000252433.73485.be
Hristovska A‑M, Duch P, Allingstrup M, Afshari A (2018) The comparative efficacy and safety of sugammadex and neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in adults. A Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia 73:631–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14160
Kim MH, Kim DW, Park S et al (2019) Single dose of dexamethasone is not associated with postoperative recurrence and mortality in breast cancer patients: a propensity-matched cohort study. BMC Cancer 19:251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5451-5
Kranke P, Meybohm P, Diemunsch P, Eberhart LHJ (2020) Risk-adapted strategy or universal multimodal approach for PONV prophylaxis? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 34:721–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.05.003
Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A (1999) Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anesth Analg 89:652–658
Mao S, Wu Y, Wang R et al (2020) Association between perioperative glucocorticoids and cancer metastasis and survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a single-center retrospective study. Investig Clin Urol 61:382–389. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.2020.61.4.382
Merk BA, Havrilesky LJ, Ehrisman JA et al (2016) Impact of postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis with dexamethasone on the risk of recurrence of endometrial cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 32:453–458. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2015.1123146
Peyton PJ, Wu CY (2014) Nitrous oxide-related postoperative nausea and vomiting depends on duration of exposure. Anesthesiology 120:1137–1145. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000000122
Polderman JA, Farhang-Razi V, Van Dieren S et al (2018) Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD11940. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011940.pub2
Salman FT, DiCristina C, Chain A, Afzal AS (2019) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aprepitant for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric subjects. J Pediatr Surg 54:1384–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.09.006
Sandini M, Ruscic KJ, Ferrone CR et al (2018) Intraoperative dexamethasone decreases infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy and is associated with long-term survival in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 25:4020–4026. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-6827-5
Schaefer MS, Kranke P, Weibel S et al (2016) Total intravenous anaesthesia versus single-drug pharmacological antiemetic prophylaxis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 33:750–760. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000520
Schaefer MS, Kranke P, Weibel S et al (2017) Total intravenous anesthesia vs single pharmacological prophylaxis to prevent postoperative vomiting in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Anaesth 27:1202–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.13268
Weibel S, Rücker G, Eberhart LH et al (2020) Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD12859. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012859.pub2
Weibel S, Schaefer MS, Raj D et al (2020) Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: an abridged Cochrane network meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15295
Yu HC, Luo YX, Peng H et al (2015) Avoiding perioperative dexamethasone may improve the outcome of patients with rectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 41:667–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2015.01.034
Fischler M, Bonnet F, Trang H et al (1986) The pharmacokinetics of droperidol in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 64(4):486–489. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198604000-00012
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
P. Kienbaum: Consulting fees: Baxter Germany, TEVAR ratiopharm GmbH; Payment for lectures: Baxter Germany, Orion Pharma Germany, Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: DAMB (HandiCAP-Tial Münster), AdBoard (TEVAR ratiopharm). M.S. Schaefer: Grants or contracts from any entity: Has received a grant for investigator-initiated studies from Merck & Co. Other financial or non-financial interests: co-author of the Cochrane Review (Weibel et al. 2020). T. Schlesinger: Other financial or non-financial interests: co-author of the Cochrane Review (Weibel et al. 2020). L.H. Eberhart: Consulting fees: Fresenius Kabi GmbH, TEVA ratiopharm GmbH. P. Kranke: Grants or contracts from any entity: NHS Funding (Cochrane Review, (Weibel et al. 2020)); Consulting fees: TEVA ratiopharm GmbH, Fresenius Kabi, CSL Behring, Vifor; Support for attending meetings: Department Resources (PONV Consensus Panel in Las Vegas); Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: Vifor; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group: Guideline Committee of the ESAIC, WFSFA Obstetric Committee, DGAI. S. Weibel und P. Meybohm geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
Additional information
QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kienbaum, P., Schaefer, M.S., Weibel, S. et al. Update PONV – Was gibt es Neues bei der Prophylaxe und Therapie von postoperativer Übelkeit und postoperativem Erbrechen?. Anaesthesist 71, 123–128 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-021-01045-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-021-01045-z