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Pneumothorax

Klinik, Diagnostik und Behandlung

Pneumothorax

Clinical picture, diagnostic work-up and treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Der Pneumothorax (von griech. πνευμα, „Luft“ und θώραξ, „Brustkorb, Thorax“) ist ein meistens akut auftretendes, je nach Ausprägung lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild, bei dem Luft in den Pleuraspalt gelangt und damit die Ausdehnung eines Lungenflügels oder beider Lungenflügel behindert, sodass diese für die Atmung nicht oder nur noch eingeschränkt zur Verfügung stehen. Entsprechend der Genese unterscheidet man zwischen primärem (idiopathischem) Spontanpneumothorax (PSP), sekundärem Spontanpneumothorax (SSP) sowie iatrogenem und traumatischem Pneumothorax. Die Ausprägung reicht von minimalen Luftmengen, die vom Patienten kaum bemerkt werden, über einen Lungenkollaps bis hin zum Spannungspneumothorax, bei dem beide Lungen und die Herz-Kreislauf-Funktion drastisch eingeschränkt sein können. Bei jeder dieser Formen des Pneumothorax muss von einer akuten Lebensgefahr ausgegangen werden. Bei klinisch stabilen Patienten mit Erstereignis eines PSP ist die einfache Nadelaspiration eine mögliche Therapieoption, bei allen anderen Patienten mit symptomatischem Pneumothorax ist die sofortige Einlage einer Drainage in den Pleuraspalt der bewährte Therapiestandard.

Abstract

Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space, i.e. between the lung and the chest wall. Primary pneumothoraces (PSP) arise in otherwise healthy people without any lung disease. Secondary pneumothoraces (SSP) arise in subjects with underlying lung disease. Observation alone is recommended only in patients with small primary or secondary pneumothoraces of less than 1 cm depth or isolated apical pneumothoraces in asymptomatic patients. In symptomatic patients observation alone is inappropriate and active intervention is required. Although simple aspiration may be an option for first-line treatment in clinically stable patients with PSP, intercostal tube drainage is recommended in all primary and secondary pneumothoraces requiring intervention. There are two objectives in the surgical management of recurrent pneumothorax. The first widely accepted objective is resection of blebs or the suture of apical perforations to treat the underlying defect. The second objective is to create a pleural symphysis to prevent recurrence. While video-assisted thoracic surgery may be the preferred surgical procedure for young, fit people with complicated or recurrent primary pneumothoraces, it is less reliable in cases of secondary pneumothorax.

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Correspondence to F.J.F. Herth.

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Herth, F. Pneumothorax. Pneumologe 5, 239–246 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-008-0250-8

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