Abstract
Pesticide resistance, cross-resistance, and limitation of potential biopesticide on Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse [Commonly known as tea mosquito bug (TMB)] have strongly triggered notable economic losses in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] industries across African and some selected Asian countries like India and Bangladesh. Repellent agents like essential oils (EOs) could be quite promising to reduce the adverse and numerous side effects of synthetic pesticides; however, scientific study on chemoreception through olfaction, as a sensory modality on this pest, is yet to be done. In this study, therefore, spatial olfactory response of few selected essential oils (N=7) has been highlighted in a modified vertical Y-tube olfactometer (VYTO), which is based on the negative geotaxis crawling movement (NGCM) of the pest within the confined environment of the olfactometer. The NGCM distance covered by the TMBs was 80 cm in 16.02 ± 1.47 (Mean ± SD) min with a speed of 8×10-3 m/s. This study is also first to report the spatial repellency, as spatial activity index (SAI), of transfluthrin as a positive control (0.88%) against TMBs [SAI of 0.849 ± 0.042 (Mean ± SD)]. Based on EOs yield, natural abundance, and growth, wild Agerartum conyzoides (L.) was found to be a potential spatial repellent agent [SAI of 0.925 ± 0.036 (Mean ± SD)] against adult female TMBs. GC-MS analysis of A. conyzoides detected precocene I and precocene II, as the most probable metabolites within the highest peak area (%). This study will definitely help in the behavioral study on TMBs in the future; especially, in the elucidation of spatial bio-insecticidal properties of the abundant volatile aromatic compounds in the natural environment.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aggarwal KK, Tripathi AK, Prajapati V, Kumar S (2001) Toxicity of 1, 8-cineole towards three species of stored product coleopterans. Int J Trop Insect Sci 21:155–160. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/177
Ballhorn DJ, Kautz S (2013) How useful are olfactometer experiments in chemical ecology research? Commun Integr Biol 6:e55602. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.24787
Barbora B, Biswas A (1996) Use pattern of pesticides in tea estates of North East India. Two and a Bud 47:19–21
Boodram R, Khan A (2019) Bioactivity of Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus limon and Piper nigrum essential oils on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Biopestic 12:76–82
Chakraborty U, Chakraborty N (2005) Impact of environmental factors on infestation of tea leaves by Helopeltis theivora, and associated changes in flavonoid flavor components and enzyme activities. Phytoparasitica 33:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980930
Chapman RF, Bernays EA, StoffolanoJr JG (1987) Perspectives in Chemoreception and Behavior. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4644-2
Chouhan S, Sharma K, Guleria S (2017) Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils—Present Status and Future Perspectives. Medicines 4:58. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030058
Cloyd RA, Galle CL, Keith SR, Kalscheur NA, Kemp KE (2009) Effect of commercially available plant-derived essential oil products on arthropod pests. J Econ Entomol 102:1567–1579. https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0422
Coffey JL, Simmons AM, Shepard BM, Levi A (2016) Vertical Y-Tube Assay for Evaluation of Arthropod Response to Plant Materials. J Agric Urban Entomol 32:7–12
Das G (1963) Some important pests of tea. Two and a Bud 10:4–8
Das N, Baruah I, Talukdar P, Das S (2003) Evaluation of botanicals as repellents against mosquitoes. J Vector Borne Dis 40:49–53
Dhiraj S (2015) Assessment of population variability at subcellular level of some common sucking tea pests from Darjeeling Hill and its adjoining plain. Dissertation, University of North Bengal. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/43022
Dolui A, Debnath M (2010) Antifeedant activity of plant extracts to an insect Helopeltis theivora. J Environ Biol 31:557–559
Eden WT, Alighiri D, Supardi KI, Cahyono E (2020) The mosquito repellent activity of the active component of air freshener gel from Java Citronella oil (Cymbopogon winterianus). J Parasitol Res 5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9053741
Gaddaguti V, Rao TV, Rao AP (2016) Potential mosquito repellent compounds of Ocimum species against 3N7H and 3Q8I of Anopheles gambiae. 3 Biotech 6:26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0346-x
Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R (2011) Mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Med 4:941–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60223-X
Grosjean Y, Rytz R, Farine et al (2011) An olfactory receptor for food-derived odours promotes male courtship in Drosophila. Nature 478:236–240. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10428
Gurusubramanian G, Bora S (2008) Insecticidal resistance to tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora waterhouse (miridae: Heteroptera) in northeast india. J Environ Res Develop 2:560–567
Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, Roy S, Bora S (2008) Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol 29:813–826
Hagstrum DW, Subramanyam B (2010) Immature insects: ecological roles of mobility. Am Entomol 56:230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/AE/56.4.230
Hashemi SM, Safavi SA (2012a) Chemical constituents and toxicity of essential oils of oriental arborvitae, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, against three stored-product beetles. Chilean J Agric Res 72:188–194. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392012000200004
Hashemi SM, Safavi SA (2012b) Fumigant toxicity of essential oils of leaves and fruits of Platycladus orientalis to Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Biharean Biol 6:65–69
Hastings M, O’Neill JS, Maywood ES (2007) Circadian clocks: regulators of endocrine and metabolic rhythms. J Endocrinol 195:187–198. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-07-0378
Hazarika S, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Bhola R, Singh L (2012) Repellent activity of some essential oils against Simulium species in India. J Insect Sci 12:5. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.0501
Jeon JH, Lee SH, Kim MK, Lee HS (2005) Larvicidal activity of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Thuja orientalis leaf oils against two mosquito species. J Appl Biol Chem 48:26–28
Khan N, Afaq F, Mukhtar H (2008) Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. Antioxid Redox Signal 10:475–510. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1740
Khan N, Mukhtar H (2008) Multitargeted therapy of cancer by green tea polyphenols. Cancer Lett 269:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.014
Linderman JA, Chambers MC, Gupta AS, Schneider DS (2012) Infection-related declines in chill coma recovery and negative geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 7:e41907. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041907
Liu H, Han M, Li Q, Zhang X, Wang WA, Huang FD (2015) Automated rapid iterative negative geotaxis assay and its use in a genetic screen for modifiers of Aβ42-induced locomotor decline in Drosophila. Neurosci Bull 31:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-014-1526-0
Liu XC, Liu ZL (2014) Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. aerial parts and its major constituents against Aedes albopictus. J Entomol Zool Stud 2:345–350
Liu Z, Ho S (1999) Bioactivity of the essential oil extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa Hook f. et Thomas against the grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J Stored Prod Res 35:317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00015-6
Manzoor F, Beena W, Malik S, Naz N, Naz S, Syed W (2011) Preliminary evaluation of Ocimum sanctum as toxicant and repellent against termite, Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann)(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Pak J Sci 63:59–62
Mekonnen M, Abate S, Manhile B, Shashemene E (2015) Adaptation of citronella grass oil (Cymbopogon Winterianus Jowitt) Tecnologies as an alternative method for cockroaches (Blattella Germanica L.) repellant. Int J Innov Agric & Biol Res 3:29–33
Miresmailli S, Bradbury R, Isman MB (2006) Comparative toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constituents against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two different host plants. Pest Manag Sci 62:366–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1157
Mombaerts P (2004) Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:263–278. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1365
Mondal S, Mirdha BR, Mahapatra SC (2009) The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 53:291–306
Mutalib NA, Azis TMF, Mohamad et al (2006) The repellent and lethal effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum), chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extracts towards the odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessile). ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 12:2710–2714
Nath TN, Bhattachayya KG (2014) Status of macronutrients (N, P and K) in some selected tea growing soils of Sivasagar district of Assam, India. Int Res J Chem 7:12–29
Nichols CD, Becnel J, Pandey UB (2012) Methods to assay Drosophila behavior. J Vis Exp 61:3795. https://doi.org/10.3791/3795
Norastehnia A, Ghorbani M (2013) Comparison investigation of essential oils in tea (Camellia sinensis L. var. sinensis) clones. Nat Prod Indian J 9:16–21
Patt J, Setamou M (2010) Responses of the Asian citrus psyllid to volatiles emitted by the flushing shoots of its rutaceous host plants. Environ Entomol 39:618–624. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN09216
Paul D, Choudhury M (2016) Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some indigenous plants of Meghalaya against 4th instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae. J Crop Prot 5:447–460. https://doi.org/10.18869/modares.jcp.5.3.447
Pinheiro PF, Queiroz VTd, Rondelli et al (2013) Insecticidal activity of citronella grass essential oil on Frankliniella schultzei and Myzus persicae. Cienc e Agrotecnologia 37:138–144. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542013000200004
Prakash B, Shukla R, Singh et al (2011) Efficacy of chemically characterized Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil as an antioxidant and a safe plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B 1 contamination of spices. Food Res Int 44:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.002
Ragesh PR, Bhutia TN, Ganta S, Singh AK (2016) Repellent, antifeedant and toxic effects of Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus)(Asteraceae) extract against Helicovepra armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 49:19–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2016.1147123
Reveal JL, Jarvis CE (2009) Proposal to conserve the name Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 58:1011–1011
Ribeiro PHS, Santos MLd, da Camara et al (2016) Seasonal chemical compositions of the essential oils of two Eugenia species and their acaricidal properties. Quimica Nova 39:38–43. https://doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20150161
Roy S, Mukhopadhyay A, Gurusubramanian G (2011) Resistance to insecticides in field-collected populations of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) from the Dooars (North Bengal, India) tea cultivations. J Entomol Res Soc 13:37–44
Saju K, Venugopal M, Mathew M (1998) Antifungal and insect-repellent activities of essential oil of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Curr Sci 75:660–662
Sarmah M, Bhola R (2014) Bio-activity of Xanthium strumarium extracts against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora. J Plant Crops 42:40–47
Sarmah M, Bhola RK (2015) Bio-efficacy of Acorus calamus extracts against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora waterhouse. Int J Recent Sci Res 6:7638–7641
Sikha A, Harini A (2015) Pharmacological activities of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb): a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 3:1–4
Silbering AF, Benton R (2010) Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception:’chance or design’? EMBO reports 11:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2010.8
Silbering AF, Rytz R, Grosjean, et al (2011) Complementary function and integrated wiring of the evolutionarily distinct Drosophila olfactory subsystems. J Neurosci 31:13357–13375. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2360-11.2011
Singh P, Prakash B, Dubey N (2014) Insecticidal activity of Ageratum conyzoides L., Coleus aromaticus Benth. and Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit essential oils as fumigant against storage grain insect Tribolium castaneum Herbst. J Food Sci Technol 51:2210–2215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0698-8
Singh S, Mahour K, Prakash S (2009) Evaluation of mosquito repellent efficacy of Ocimum sanctum plant extract. J Herb Med Toxicology 3:87–90
Somchoudhury A, Samanta A, Dhar P, Mohanpur WBI (1993) Approaches to integrated control of tea mosquito bug. Proc Int Symp Tea Sci Hum Health 330–338
Stokl J, Strutz A, Dafni et al (2010) A deceptive pollination system targeting drosophilids through olfactory mimicry of yeast. Curr Biol 20:1846–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.033
de Souza Tavares W, Akhtar Y, Gonçalves GLP, Zanuncio JC, Isman MB (2016) Turmeric powder and its derivatives from Curcuma longa rhizomes: Insecticidal effects on cabbage looper and the role of synergists. Sci Rep 6:34093. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34093
Torbati M, Nazemiyeh H, Lotfipour et al (2014) Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Heracleum transcaucasicum and Heracleum anisactis roots essential oil. BioImpacts 4:69–74. https://doi.org/10.5681/bi.2014.004
Tounekti T, Khemira H (2015) NaCl stress-induced changes in the essential oil quality and abietane diterpene yield and composition in common sage. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 4:208–216. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20150405064135
Verma R, Chauhan A, Yadav A (2011) Seasonal variation in essential oil content and composition of Thyme, Thymus serpyllum l. Cultivated in Uttarakhand hills. Indian J Pharm Sci 73:233–235. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.91570
WHO (2013) Guidelines for efficacy testing of spacial repellents. WHO, Switzerland
Acknowledgement
The author is grateful to departed soul Dr. Tapas Medhi, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University. The author is also grateful to the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India and Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University for providing all the necessary facilities to complete this work. For GC-MS analysis and fabrication of VYTO, author is indebted to Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Centre, Tezpur University. The author also conveys his special thanks to the small tea growers (Sewak tea plantation, Tezpur, Assam) for allowing him to collect young tea leaves and H. theivora during the entire period of this work.
Funding
This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and University Grant Commission (UGC), Govt. of India (Grant no: F1-17.1/2014-15/RGNF-2014-15-SC-ASS-67703 /(SAIII/Website).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The author declares to have only self-contribution in conception, experiment, results interpretation, manuscript preparation, and final communication for publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no financial/personal conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• Negative geotaxis crawling movement (NGCM) of adult female H. theivora, within an artificial chambered condition, covers a distance of 80 cm in 16.02 ± 1.47 (Mean ± SD) min with a speed of 8×10-3 (m/s).
• This study has evaluated the spatial activity index (SAI) of hydrodistillate essential oils (EOs) using a fabricated vertical Y-tube olfactometer (VYTO) against adult female H. theivora.
• Transfluthrin (0.88%) is quite promising with an SAI value of 89.55 ± 4.36 (Mean ± SD) and knockdown % of 5 in 8 replicates (N=40).
• EO of Agerartum conyzoides (L.) is a potential spatial repellent with a SAI value of 0.849 ± 0.223 (Mean ± SD), where precocene I and precocene II are present in the higher peak areas (%) of the GC –MS chromatogram.
• The significance of this study relies on the application of the VYTO and NGCM for the future assessment of spatial activity of different EOs against this tea pest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, P.P. Fabrication of a vertical Y-tube olfactometer for the assessment of spatial repellency of essential oils against Helopeltis theivora waterhouse. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 835–844 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00607-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00607-3