Abstract
Among the various types of differentiated insect tissues, Chironomid salivary glands provide an especially fortunate combination of features. The glands consist of a limited number of very large cells that are committed to the continuous synthesis of specific proteins. Extensive polytenization renders their chromosomes visible in unChapaulleled detail during interphase so that units of genetic function can be studied at the level of the light-microscope. A gland comprises two or more related cell types that exhibit minor differences in terms of cell morphology, chromomere activity and protein synthesis and thus provide excellent tools for comChapautive studies of differentiated states in the same tissue.
Dedicated to Professor H. G. Callan, F.R.S., on occasion of his 60th birthday.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acton, A.B.: A study of the differences between widely seChapauted populations of Chironomus (= Tendipes) tentans (Diptera). Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B 151:277–296 (1959)
Andrews, P.: Estimation of the molecular weights of proteins on Sephadex G 100 and G 200. Biochem. J. 91:222–233 (1964)
Andrews, P.: The gel-filtration behaviour of proteins related to their molecular weights over a wide range. Biochem. J. 96:595–606 (1965)
Balbiani, E.G.: Sur la structure du noyau des cellules salivaires chez les larves de Chironomus. Zool. Anz. 4:637–641 (1881)
Baudisch, W.: Synthese von Oxyprolin in den Speicheldrüsen Acricotopus lucidus. Naturwissenschaften 48:56 (1961)
Baudisch, W.: Einbau von 14C-Prolin in die Speicheldrüsen von Acricotopus lucidus (Chironomide). In: Proc. 2nd Intern. Congr. Histo. Cytochem., p. 236. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1964
Baudisch, W.: Spezifische Hydroxyprolinsynthese in den Speicheldrüsen von Acricotopus lucidus. Biol. Zbl. 86, (Suppl.), 157–162 (1967)
Baudisch, W., Panitz, R.: Kontrolle eines biochemischen Merkmals in den Speicheldrüsen von Acricotopus lucidus durch einen Balbianiring. Exptl. Cell Res. 49:470–476 (1968)
Bauer, H.: Aufbau der Chromosomen aus den Speicheldrüsen von Chironomus thummi Kiefer. Z. Zellforsch. 23:280–313 (1935)
Bauer, H.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Morphologie der Speicheldrüsenchromosomen (Untersuchungen an den Riesenchromosomen der Dipteren. IL) Zool. Jb. (Phys.) 56:239–276 (1936)
Bauer, H.: Chromosomenstruktur und -funktion. Jb. Max-Planck-Ges. 23–39 (1957)
Bauer, H., Beermann, W.: Die Polytänie der Riesenchromosomen. Chromosoma 4:630–648 (1952)
Becker, H.J.: Die Puffs der Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Drosophila melanogaster. I. Mitt.: Beobachtungen zum Verhalten des Puffmusters im Normalstamm und bei zwei Mutanten, giant und lethal-giant-larvae. Chromosoma 10:654–678 (1959)
Beermann, W.: Chromomerenkonstanz und spezifische Modifikationen der Chromosomenstruktur in der Entwicklung und Organdifferenzierung von Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma 5:139–198 (1952a)
Beermann, W.: Chromosomenstruktur und Zelldifferenzierung in der Speicheldrüse von Trichocladius vitripennis. Z. Naturforsch. 7b, 237–242 (1952b)
Beermann, W.: Cytologische Analyse eines Campt o chironomus- Artbastards. I. Kreuzungsergebnisse und die Evolution des Karyotypus. Chromosoma 7:198–259 (1955)
Beermann, W.: Nuclear differentiation and functional morphology of chromosomes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 21:217–232 (1956a)
Beermann, W.: Inversions-Heterozygotie und Fertilität der Männchen von Chironomus. Chromosoma 8:1–11 (1956b)
Beermann, W.: Chromosomal differentiation in insects. In: Developmental Cytology. Rudnick, D. (ed.). New York: Ronald, 1959, pp.83–103
Beermann, W.: Ein Balbiani-Ring als Locus einer Speicheldrüsenmutation. Chromosoma 12:1–25 (1961)
Beermann, W.: Riesenchromosomen. Protoplasmatologia. Handbuch der Protoplasmaforschung, Vol. IVd. Vienna: Springer, 1962
Beermann, W.: Chromomeres and Genes. In: Developmental Studies on Giant Chromosomes. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. IV, Beermann, W. (ed.), pp. 1–33. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972
Beermann, W.: Directed changes in the pattern of Balbiani ring puffing in Chironomus: Effects of a sugar treatment. Chromosoma 41:297–326 (1973)
Beermann, W., Bahr, G.F.: The submicroscopic structure of the Balbiani-ring. Exptl. Cell Res. 6:195–201 (1954)
Berendes, H.D.: The hormone ecdysone as effector of specific changes in the pattern of gene activities of Drosophila hydei. Chromosoma 22, 274–293 (1967)
Berendes, H.D.: The Control of Puffing in Drosophila hydei. In: Developmental Studies on Giant Chromosomes. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. IV, Beermann, W. (ed.), pp.181–207. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972
Berendes, H.D., Beermann, W.: Biochemical activity of interphase chromosomes (polytene chromosomes). In: Handbook of Molecular Cytology. Lima-de-Faria, A. (ed.), pp. 500–519. Amsterdam: North Holland 1969
Bishop, J. O., Pemberton, R., Baglioni, C.: Reiteration frequency of haemoglobin genes in the duck. Nature New Biol. 235:231–234 (1972)
Churney, L.: A contribution to the anatomy and physiology of the salivary gland system in the larva of Chironomus (Diptera). J. Morphol. 66:391–407 (1940)
Clever, U.: Genaktivitäten in den Riesenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans und die Beziehungen zur Entwicklung. I. Genaktivierung durch Ecdyson. Chromosoma 12:607–675 (1961)
Clever, U.: Genaktivitäten in den Riesenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans und ihre Beziehungen zur Entwicklung. II. Das Verhalten der Puffs während des letzten Larvenstadiums und der Puppenhäutung. Chromosoma 13:385–436 (1962)
Clever, U.: Genaktivitäten in den Riesenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans und ihre Beziehungen zur Entwicklung. IV. Das Verhalten der Puffs in der Larvenhäutung. Chromosoma 14:651–675 (1963a)
Clever, U.: Von der Ecdysonkonzentration abhängige Genaktivitätsmuster in den Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans. Develop. Biol. 6:73–98 (1963b)
Clever, U.: Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. II. The formation of secretion in the salivary glands of Chironomus. Exptl. Cell Res. 55:317–322 (1969)
Clever, U., Karlson, P.: Induktion von Puff-Veränderungen in den Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans durch Ecdyson. Exptl. Cell Res. 20, 623–626 (1960)
Clever, U., Storbeck, J., Romball, C.G.: Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. I. Protein synthesis at various stages of larval development. Exptl. Cell Res. 55:306–316 (1969)
Daneholt, B.: Base ratios in RNA molecules of different sizes from a Balbiani ring. J. Mol. Biol. 49:381–391 (1970)
Daneholt, B.: Giant RNA transcript in a Balbiani ring. Nature New Biol. 240, 229–232 (1972)
Daneholt, B.: Transfer of genetic information in polytene cells. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 39:417–462 (1974)
Daneholt, B.: Transcription in polytene chromosomes. Cell 4:1–9 (1975)
Daneholt, B., Andersson, K., Fagerlind, M.: J. Cell Biol., (in press) 1976
Daneholt, B., Case, S.T., Wieslander, L.: Gene expression in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans. In: Progress in Differentiation Research. Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. Differentiation. Müller-Bérat, N. (ed.), pp. 125–133. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. 1976
Daneholt, B., Edström, J.-E.: The content of DNA in individual polytene chromosomes of Chironomus tentans. Cytogenetics 6:350–356 (1967)
Daneholt, B., Edström, J.-E., Egyhàzi, E., Lambert, B., Ringborg, U.: RNA synthesis in a Balbiani ring in Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells. Chromosoma 28:418–429 (1969)
Daneholt, B., Hosick, H.: Evidence for transport of 75S RNA from a discrete chromosome region via nuclear sap to cytoplasm in Chironomus tentans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 70, 442–446 (1973a)
Daneholt, B., Hosick, H.: The transcription unit in Balbiani ring 2 of Chironomus tentans. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:629–635 (1973b)
Deshmukh, A., Deshmukh, K., Nimmi, M.E.: Synthesis of aldehydes and their interactions during the in vitro aging of collagen. Biochemistry 10:2337–2342 (1971)
Doyle, D., Laufer, H.: Analysis of secretory processes in Dipteran salivary glands. In: Differentiation and Defense Mechanisms in Lower Organisms. In Vitro 3:93–103 (1968)
Doyle, D., Laufer, H.: Sources of larval salivary gland secretion in the Dipteran Chironomus tentans. J. Cell. Biol. 40:61–78 (1969a)
Doyle, D., Laufer, H.: Requirements of ribonucleic acid synthesis for the formation of salivary gland specific proteins in larval Chironomus tentans. Exptl. Cell Res. 57:205–210 (1969b)
Edström, J.-E., Daneholt, B.: Sedimentation properties of the newly synthesized RNA fromisolated nuclear components of Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells. J. Mol. Biol. 28:331–343 (1967)
Edstrom, J.-E., Tanguay, R.: Cytoplasmic ribonucleic acids with messenger characteristics in salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. J. Mol. Biol. 84:569–583 (1974)
Elgin, S.C.R., Boyd, J. B.: The proteins of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila hydei. Chromosoma 51:135–145 (1975)
Engelmann, W., Shappirio, D.G.: Photoperiodic control of the maintenance and termination of larval diapause in Chironomus tentans. Nature (London) 207, 548 (1965)
Fantoni, A., Lunadei, M., Ullu, E.: Control of gene expression during terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. In: Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. IX, pp. 15–38. New York: Academic Press 1975
François, C., Marshall, R.D., Neuberger, A.: Carbohydrates in protein. 4. The determination of mannose in hen’s egg albumin by radioisotope dilution. Biochem. J. 83:335–342 (1962)
Goetghebuer, M.: Tendipedinae (Chironominae). In: Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Lindner, E. (ed.). Vol. XIIIC. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart 1937
Grossbach, U.: cf. Fig. 6 in: Beermann, W.: Gen-Regulation in Chromosomen höherer Organismen. Jb. Max-Planck-Ges. 1966, pp. 69–87
Grossbach, U.: Cell differentiation in the salivary glands of Camptochironomus tentans and C. pallidivittatus. Ann. Zool. Fennici 5:37–40 (1968)
Grossbach, U.: Chromosomen-Aktivität und biochemische Zelldifferenzierung in den Speicheldrüsen von Camptochironomus. Chromosoma 28:136–187 (1969)
Grossbach, U.: Chromomeren-Aktivität und zellspezifische Proteine bei Camptochironomus. Habilitationsschrift, Univ. Stuttgart-Hohenheim, 1971
Grossbach, U.: In: Tätigkeitsbericht 1970–1971 Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abt. Beermann. Naturwissenschaften 59:551–553 (1972)
Grossbach, U.: Chromosome puffs and gene expression in polytene cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:619–627 (1973)
Grossbach, U.: Korrelationen zwischen Chromosomen-Aktivität und Genexpression in differenzierten Zellen. Nachr. Akad. Wissensch. Göttingen, IL Math.-phys. Kl. pp. 176–179:1975
Harrison, P.M.: The structure of apoferritin: Molecular size, shape, and symmetry from X-ray data. J. Mol. Biol. 6:404–422 (1963)
Heitz, E., Bauer, H.: Beweise für die Chromosomennatur der Kernschleifen in den Knäuelkernen von Bibio hortulanus L. Z. Zellforsch. 17:67–82 (1933)
Helmsing, P.J.: Induced accumulation of nonhistone proteins in polytene nuclei of Drosophila. II. Accumulation of proteins in polytene nuclei and chromatin of different larval tissues. Cell Diff. 1:19–24 (1972)
Helmsing, P.J., Berendes, H.D.: Induced accumulation of nonhistone proteins in polytene nuclei of Drosophila hydei. J. Cell Biol. 50:893–896 (1971)
Henrickson, P. A., Clever, U.: Protease activity and cell death during metamorphosis in the salivary gland of Chironomus tentans. J. Insect Physiol. 18:1981–2004 (1972)
Hochman, B.: Analysis of a whole chromosome in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:581–589 (1973)
Hofmann, T., Harrison, P.M.: The structure of apoferritin: Degradation into and molecular weight of subunits. J. Mol. Biol. 6:256–267 (1963)
Holmgren, N.: Zur Morphologie des Insektenkopfes. II. Einiges über die Reduktion des Kopfes der Dipterenlarven. Zool. Anz. 27, 343–355 (1904)
Holtzer, H.: Induction of chondrogenesis, a concept in quest of mechanisms. In: Epithelial Mesenchymal Interactions. Billingham, R. (ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968
Holtzer, H., Weintraub, H., Mayne, R., Mochan, B.: The cell cycle, cell lineages, and celldifferentiation. In: Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. VII, pp. 229–256. New York: Academic Press 1972
Judd, B.H., Shen, M.W., Kaufman, T.C.: The anatomy and function of a segment of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 71, 139–156 (1972)
Judd, B.H., Young, M.W.: An examination of the one cistron: one chromomere concept. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:573–579 (1973)
Kafatos, F.C.: Cocoonase synthesis: Cellular differentiation in developing silk moths. In: Problems in Biology: RNA in Development, Hanly, E.W. (ed.), pp. 111–144. Salt Lake City: Univ. Utah Press 1969
Kafatos, F.C.: The cocoonase zymogen cells of silkmoths: A model of terminal cell differentiation for specific protein synthesis. In: Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. VII, pp. 125–191. New York: Academic Press 1972
Keyl, H.-G.: Verdopplung des DNS-Gehalts kleiner Chromosomenabschnitte als Faktor der Evolution. Naturwissenschaften 51:46–47 (1964)
Keyl, H.-G.: A demonstrable local and geometric increase in the chromosomal DNA of Chironomus. Experientia 21, 191–193 (1965)
Kloetzel, J.A., Laufer, H.: Fine structure analysis of larval salivary gland function in Chironomus thummi. J. Cell Biol. 39:74a (1968)
Kloetzel, J. A., Laufer, H.: Developmental changes in fine structure associated with secretion in larval salivary glands of Chironomus. Exptl. Cell Res. 60:327–337 (1970)
Klotz, I. M., Darnall, D. W.: Protein subunits: A Table (2nd ed.). Science 166, 126–128 (1969)
Korge, G.: Chromosome puff activity and protein synthesis in larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72, 4550–4554 (1975)
Laemmli, U.K.: Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 227, 680–685 (1970)
Lambert, B.: Repeated DNA sequences in a Balbiani ring. J. Mol. Biol. 72, 65–75 (1972)
Lambert, B.: Repeated nucleotide sequences in a single puff of Chironomus tentans polytene chromosomes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:637–644 (1973)
Lambert, B., Beermann, W.: Homology of Balbiani ring DNA in two closely related Chironomus species. Chromosoma 51:41–47 (1975)
Lambert, B., Wieslander, L., Daneholt, B., Egyhàzi, E., Ringborg, U.: In situ demonstration of DNA hybridizing in Chironomus tentans. J. Cell Biol. 53:407–418 (1972)
Laufer, H.: Developmental studies of the Dipteran salivary gland. III. Relationships between chromosomal puffing and cellular function during development. In: Developmental and Metabolic Control Mechanisms and Neoplasia, pp. 237–250. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1965
Laufer, H.: Developmental interactions in the dipteran salivary gland. Am. Zoologist 8:257–271 (1968)
Laufer, H., Nakase, Y.: Salivary gland secretion and its relation to chromosomal puffing in the Dipteran, Chironomus thummi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 53:511–516 (1965)
Laufer, H., Nakase, Y., Vanderberg, J.: Developmental studies of the dipteran salivary gland. I. The effects of actinomycin D on larval development, enzyme activity, and chromosomal differentiation in Chironomus thummi. Develop. Biol. 9:367–384 (1964)
Layman, D.L., Narayanan, A. S., Martin, G.R.: The production of lysyl oxidase by human fibroblasts in culture. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 149, 97–101 (1972)
Lefevre, G.: The one band—one gene hypothesis: Evidence from a cytogenetic analysis of mutant and nonmutant rearrangement breakpoints in Drosophila melanogaster. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:591–599 (1973)
Lellak, J.: Positive Phototaxis der Chironomiden-Larvulae als regulierender Faktor ihrer Verteilung in stehenden Gewässern. Ann. Zool. Fennici 5:84–87 (1968)
Lizardi, P.M., Williamson, R., Brown, D.D.: The size of fibroin messenger RNA and its polyadenylic acid content. Cell 4:199–205 (1975)
Lorand, L., Jacobsen, A.: Specific inhibitors and the chemistry of fibrin polymerization. Biochemistry 3:1939–1943 (1964)
Lucas, F., Shaw J.T.B., Smith, S.G.: The silk fibroins. Advan. Protein Chem. 13, 107–242 (1958)
Lucas, F., Shaw J.T.B., Sith, S.G.: ComChapautive studies of fibroins. I. The amino acid composition of various fibroins and its significance in relation to their crystal structure and taxonomy. J. Mol. Biol. 2:339–349 (1960)
Mechelke, F.: Reversible Strukturmodifikationen der Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Acricotopus lucidus. Chromosoma 5:511–543 (1953)
Mechelke, F.: The timetable of physiological activity of several loci in the salivary gland chromosomes of Acricotopus lucidus. Proc. 10th Intern. Congr. Genetics., Vol. II, p. 185, Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press 1958
Mechelke, F.: Beziehungen zwischen der Menge der DNS und dem Ausmaß der potentiellen Oberflächenentfaltung von Riesenchromosomenloci. Naturwissenschaften 46, 609 (1959)
Mechelke, F.: Spezielle Funktionszustände des genetischen Materials. Wiss. Konf. Ges. Dtsch. Naturf. u. Ärzte. Rottach-Egern 1962, pp. 15–29. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1963
Metz, C.W., Lawrence, E.G.: Preliminary observations on Sciara hybrids. J. Heredity 29:179–186 (1938)
Miall, L., Hammond, A.: The structure and life-history of the Harlequin fly (Chironomus). Oxford: Clarendon Press 1900
Painter, T. S.: A new method for the study of chromosome rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps. Science 78, 585–586 (1933)
Palmén, E., Aho, L.: Studies on the ecology and phenology of the Chironomidae (Dipt.) of the Northern Baltic. 2. Ann. Zool. Fennici 3:217–244 (1966)
Palmiter, R.D., Wrenn, J.T.: Interaction of estrogen and progesterone in chick oviduct development. III. Tubular Gland Cell Differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 50:598–615 (1971)
Panitz, R.: Innersekretorische Wirkung auf Strukturmodifikationen der Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Acricotopus lucidus. (Chironomide). Naturwissenschaften 47, 383 (1960)
Panitz, R.: Hormonkontrollierte Genaktivitäten in den Riesenchromosomen von Acricotopus lucidus. Biol. Zbl. 83, 197–230 (1964)
Pankow, W.: Entwicklungsspezifische Balbianiringaktivität und Sekretproteinsynthese in Speicheldrüsen von Chironomus tentans. Thesis 5166, Fed. Tech. Univ. Zürich, 1973
Panyim, S., Chalkley, R.: The molecular weights of vertebrate histones exploiting a modified sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic method. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7557–7560 (1971)
Parekh, A.C., Glick, D.: Studies in histochemistry LXV. Heparin and hexosamine in isolated mast cells: determination, intracellular distribution, and effects of biological state. J. Biol. Chem. 237, 280–286 (1962)
Pelling, C.: Chromosomal synthesis of ribonucleic acid as shown by incorporation of uridine labeled with tritium. Nature (London) 184, 655–656 (1959)
Pelling, C.: Ribonukleinsäure-Synthese der Riesenchromosomen. Autoradiographische Untersuchungen an Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma 15:71–122 (1964)
Pelling, C.: Puff RNA in polytene chromosomes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35:521–531 (1970)
Pichon, Y.: The pharmacology of the insect nervous system. In: The Physiology of Insecta. Rockstein, M. (ed.), Vol. IV, pp. 102–174. New York: Academic Press 1974
Piez, K.A.: Cross-linking of collagen and elastin. An. Rev. Biochem. 37, 547–570 (1968)
Pisano, J.J., Finlayson, J.S., Peyton, M.P.: Chemical and enzymic detection of protein crosslinks. Measurement of ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine in fibrin polymerized by factor XIII. Biochemistry 8:871–876 (1969)
Poulson, D.F., Metz, C.W.: Studies on the structure of nucleolus forming regions and related structures in the giant salivary gland chromosomes of Diptera. J. Morph. 63, 363–395 (1938)
Pozdniakoff, D. de: L’appareil séricigène des larves de Chironomus. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, T. 52, Ser. B, 209–214 (1932)
Rambousek, F.: Sitzungsber. königl. böhm. Ges. Wiss., math.-naturw. Klasse 1912. Cited after Beermann (1962)
Reynolds, J. A., Herbert, S., Polet, H., Steinhardt, J.: The binding of divers detergent anions to bovine serum albumin. Biochemistry 6:937–947 (1967)
Reynolds, J. A., Tanford, C.: Binding of dodecyl sulfate to proteins at high binding ratios. Possible implications for the state of proteins in biological membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 66, 1002–1007 (1970a)
Reynolds, J. A., Tanford, C.: The gross conformation of protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5161–5165 (1970b)
Rodems, A.E., Henrikson, P. A., Clever, U.: Proteolytic enzymes in the salivary gland of Chironomus tentans. Experientia 25, 686–687 (1969)
Rutter, W.J., Kemp, J.D., Bradshaw, W.S., Clark, W.R., Ronzio, R.A., Sanders, T.G.: Regulation of specific protein synthesis in cytodifferentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 72, Suppl. 1:1–18 (1968)
Rydlander, L., Edström, J.-E.: Expression of Balbiani ring genes. In: Proc. 10th FEBS Meeting, pp. 149–156. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. 1975
Schin, K.S., Clever, U.: Lysosomal and free acid phosphatase in salivary glands of Chironomus tentans. Science 150, 1053–1055 (1965)
Schin, K.S., Clever, U.: Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of salivary gland regression in Chironomus tentans. Z. Zellforsch. 86:262–279 (1968)
Schin, K.S., Laufer, H.: Studies of programmed salivary gland regression during larval-pupal transformation in Chironomus thummi. I. Acid hydrolase activity. Exptl. Cell. Res. 82:335–340 (1973)
Schin, K.S., Laufer, H.: Uptake of homologous hemolymph protein by salivary glands of Chironomus thummi. J. Insect Physiol. 20, 405–411 (1974)
Seifter, S., Gallop, P.M.: The structure proteins. In: The Proteins, Neurath, H. (ed.), Vol. IV, pp. 155–458. New York: Academic Press 1966
Shannon, M. P., Kaufman, T.C., Shen, M.W., Judd, B.H.: Lethality patterns and morphology of selected lethal and semi-lethal mutations in the zeste-white region of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 72:615–638 (1972)
Shapiro, A. L., Vinuela, E., Maizei, I.V.: Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 28:815–820 (1967)
Siegel, R.C., Pinnell, S.R., Martin, G.R.: Cross-linking of collagen and elastin. Properties of lysyl oxidase. Biochemistry 9:4486–4492 (1970)
Sorsa, V., Green, M.M., Beermann, W.: Cytogenetic fine structure and the chromosomal localization of the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature New Biol. 245, 34–37 (1973)
Suzuki, Y., Brown, D.D.: Isolation and identification of the messenger RNA for silk fibroin from Bombyx mori. J. Mol. Biol. 63:409–429 (1972)
Suzuki, Y., Gage, L.P., Brown, D.D.: The genes for fibroin in Bombyx mori. J. Mol. Biol. 70:637–649 (1972)
Tashiro, Y., Morimoto, T., Matsuura, S., Nagata, S.: Studies on the posterior silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. I. Growth of posterior silk gland cells and biosynthesis of fibroin during the fifth larval instar. J. Cell Biol. 38:574–588 (1968)
Tashiro, Y., Otsuki, E., Shimadzu, T.: Sedimentation analyses of native silk fibroin in urea and guanidine HCl. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 257, 198–209 (1972)
Walshe, B.M.: Feeding mechanisms of Chironomus larvae. Nature (London) 160, 474 (1947)
Weber, K., Osborn, M.: The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sul fate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Biol. Chem. 244, 4406–4412 (1969)
Weber, K., Osborn, M.: Proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate: Molecular weight determination on Polyacrylamide gels and related procedures. In: The Proteins, 3rd ed., Neurath, H. (ed.), Vol. VII, pp. 179–223. New York: Academic Press 1975
Wieslander, L., Daneholt, B.: in preChapaution
Wobus, U., Popp, S., Serfling, E., Panitz, R.: Protein synthesis in the Chironomus thummi salivary gland. Mol. G. Genet. 116, 309–321 (1972)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grossbach, U. (1977). The Salivary Gland of Chironomus (Diptera): A Model System for the Study of Cell Differentiation. In: Beermann, W. (eds) Biochemical Differentiation in Insect Glands. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37332-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37332-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-21670-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37332-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive