Zootaxa 1608: 11–19 (2007) www.mapress.com / zootaxa/ ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA Fishes (Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii) of Picãozinho reef, Northeastern Brazil, with notes on their conservation status ALLAN T. DE SOUZA1, MARTINA DI IULIO ILARRI1, PAULO ROBERTO DE MEDEIROS1, RENATO GROTTA GREMPEL1 , RICARDO S. ROSA1 & CLÁUDIO L. S. SAMPAIO1, 2 1 Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, 58.059-900, João Pessoa - PB, Brasil. E-mail: allantsouza@gmail.com 2 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, 40.170-290, Salvador - BA, Brasil Abstract Shallow reefs on the northeastern coast of Brazil are rich, productive and diverse environments, with great ecological and economical importance. Picãozinho is located 1,500 m off the coast of João Pessoa city, Paraíba state, NE Brazil. The aim of this work is to provide an updated list of the reef fishes of Picãozinho, based on a survey of approximately 350 hours of direct observation using free dive techniques, and complemented by collection data and other unpublished records. A total of 102 species of 43 families were recorded. Of these, 36 are new occurrences for the reef and seven are species that have been recently resurrected from synonymy, mainly with Caribbean species previously cited for Brazil. Key words: ichthyofauna, shallow reef, Paraíba, reef fishes, conservation, checklist Resumo Recifes rasos na costa nordestina do Brasil são ambientes ricos, produtivos e diversificados, com grande importância ecológica e econômica. Picãozinho está localizado a 1500 m da costa da cidade de João Pessoa, estado da Paraíba, NE Brasil. O objetivo desse trabalho foi fornecer uma lista atualizada dos peixes recifais de Picãozinho, considerando a ictiofauna investigada em aproximadamente 350 horas de observação direta utilizando técnicas de mergulho livre, complementada com dados de coleção e outros registros não publicados. Um total de 102 espécies de 43 famílias foi registrado. Dessas, 36 são novas ocorrências para o recife e sete espécies foram recentemente revalidadas e consideradas distintas de espécies do Caribe previamente citadas para o Brasil. Introduction Reefs are vital ecosystems that provide income, food and coastal protection for millions of people. Recent studies have shown that reef goods and services provide an annual net benefit of US $ 375 billion to economies worldwide (Wilkinson 2002). They cover only 0.2% of the ocean’s floor, but are incredibly diverse and contain more than 25% of all marine species (Roberts et al. 2002). Unfortunately, reefs are also among the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world and despite their ecological and economic importance, we have a poor understanding of how reefs are responding to human activities, particularly in the vast Brazilian coast. The tropical Brazilian coast represents an extensive area of about 3,000 km, and sustains many reefs that are characterized by a relatively low diversity and the presence of a substantial number of endemic species of several taxa (Leão & Dominguez 2000; Moura 2000; Neves et al. 2006). On the other hand, compared with Accepted by L. Rocha: 6 Sep. 2007; published: 5 Oct. 2007 11 the Brazilian southeastern coast, shallow reefs of the northeastern coast are diverse and productive with great ecological and economical importance (Rocha et al. 1998). In Paraíba state, the shallow biogenic coastal reefs are traditionally explored by tourism, artisanal fisheries, seaweed collection and, recently, the cultivation of commercially important seaweed species (Souza et al. 2007). Fishes are one of the most diverse groups of animals at shallow reefs in the northeastern coast of Brazil. Due to their high morphological and ecological diversity, fishes play important ecological roles on the reef trophic structure. Also, fishes are by far the most important organisms for local economies (Sampaio 2006). There are some published papers that deal with many different aspects of reef fish biology in the state of Paraíba (e.g. Rosa 1980; Ramos 1994; Rosa et al. 1997; Rocha et al. 1998; Rocha & Rosa 1999; Rocha et al. 2000; Dias et al. 2001; Feitoza et al. 2001; Feitoza et al. 2002; Feitoza et al. 2005; Osório et al. 2006; Nunes & Sampaio 2007, Sampaio et al. 2007). Paratypes of the recently described species Haemulon squamipinna Rocha & Rosa and Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura and Rosa were collected at Picãozinho reef. However, there is no published checklist of fishes of Picãozinho, and such information is necessary in order to use data for comparison with other locations. Additionally, since many potentially threatening activities, such as tourism and fishing, take place in Picãozinho without any type of supervision or regulation, it is important to make available a list of the species found in the reef. Therefore, in order to maintain the integrity of the reef, this information (i.e. species list of a particular area) is necessary to make future conservation and management plans. Based on a series of observations conducted from 2004 to 2007, using free dive techniques, we provide an updated species list of the fishes of Picãozinho and a brief discussion on the conservation status of the reef, which can be extrapolated to the reefs of Paraíba, and to a certain extent, to the shallow reefs of the northeastern coast of Brazil. Study site and methods Picãozinho (34º 48’57” W, 7º 06’ 39” S) is a shallow biogenic reef located 1,500 m off the coast of João Pessoa city, on the continental shelf of Paraíba State, north-eastern Brazil (Figure 1). Two major estuaries occur in that area: the Paraíba river, located ca. 18 km north of the reef, and the Goiana river, located ca. 48 km south of the reef. There are also some smaller costal drainages to the south. Coastal drift current flows northward. Picãozinho is a rectangular shaped reef with a maximum depth of 6 m and a tidal amplitude of 2.7 m. (Young 1986). The physiographic structure of the reef is characterized by large patches separated by internal pools and small water channels. During lowest tides (< 0.0 m) a great portion of the reef becomes emerged, exposing the benthic organisms living within these areas (Figure 1). The benthic community is dominated by algae and corals, with the most common algae being Caulerpa racemosa, Halimeda opuntia and Dictyopteris delicatula, and the most common corals being Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Zoanthus sociatus Ellis and Solander, Siderastrea stellata Verrill and Mussismilia hartii (Verrill). Other components of the benthic communities, such as the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus), the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus and other invertebrates including mussels, barnacles, sponges and ascidians, are also present, albeit much less abundant than the algae and corals. Sand and limestone predominate in the adjacent areas of the patches (Young 1986; Ilarri et al. in press; Medeiros et al. unpublished data). Tourism and recreation are the prevailing uses of Picãozinho reef, followed by artisanal and sport fishing (Costa et al. 2007). Local environmental impacts associated with tourism and recreation include boat anchoring and trampling on the reef, fish feeding and garbage disposal (Costa et al. 2007; Ilarri et al. in press). The checklist was compiled from underwater observations, data from the fish collection of the Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), as well as unpublished data and personal communications. The field observations were conducted mainly during the day (95% of the 12 · Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press SOUZA ET AL. FIGURE 1. Map of the studied site in the northeastern Brazilian coast, located between two estuaries. Detailed reef map showing areas exposed during low tides (< 0.3 m) and very low tides (< 0.0 m) are highlighted in black and grey, respectively. FISHES OF PICÃOZINHO REEF, BRAZIL Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press · 13 effort) with few nocturnal records, totaling approximately 350 hours of diving time, using an intensive search technique, where a diver recorded all fish species observed on the extensions of the reef. Data were recorded on PVC boards and fish were photographed for additional evidence. The sampling effort was conducted from February 2004 to February 2007, including both rainy and dry seasons. Species identification was based in Böhlke and Chaplin (1993), Carvalho-Filho (1999), Humann and Deloach (2002), Rocha (2004), and Hostim-Silva et al. (2006). The families are listed in phylogenetic order following Nelson (2006); species are alphabetically organized within each family. Results and discussion A total of 102 species belonging to 43 families were recorded, the majority of which are typical reef dwelling species. The most species-rich families were Haemulidae (n = 8), Gobiidae (n = 7), Carangidae (n = 6), Labrisomidae (n = 6), Lutjanidae (n = 6), Scaridae (n = 5) and Serranidae (n = 5). The visual survey detected 80 species from 32 families (Table 1). Of all species observed during free dives, 36 were recorded for the first time in Picãozinho (Albula sp., Bothus lunatus, B. ocellatus, Canthigaster figueiredoi, Carangoides crysos, Caranx latus, Dactyloscopus tridigitatus, Dasyatis marianae, Diapterus sp., Diodon hystrix, Echeneis naucrates, Emblemariopsis signifera, Enneanectes altivelis, Gnatholepis thompsoni, Gramma brasiliensis, Gymnothorax moringa, Harengula cf. clupeola, Hippocampus reidi, Lutjanus alexandrei, L. cyanopterus, L. jocu, L. synagris, Microspathodon chrysurus, Mugil curema, Parablennius marmoreus, Paraclinus rubicundus, Paralichthys sp., Pempheris schomburgkii, Pomacanthus paru, Scarus zelindae, Sparisoma frondosum, S. radians, Scorpaena plumieri, Sphoeroides greeleyi, S. spengleri and Synodus intermedius). Seven of the detected species recently have been resurrected from synonymy (Paraclinus rubicundus, Scarus trispinosus, Sparisoma axillare, Sparisoma frondosum, Ophioblennius trinitatis, Halichoeres brasiliensis, H. penrosei) (Guimarães & De Bacellar, 2002; Moura et al. 2001; Muss et al. 2001; Rocha & Rosa 2001; Rocha 2004) and two recently described species (Scarus zelindae Moura et al. 2001 and Lutjanus alexandrei Moura & Lindeman 2007). Some of these taxa have been previously cited for Brazil as misidentifications of Caribbean species (Moura & Lindeman 2007). There are approximately 353 reef fish species along the Brazilian coast, including 45 endemics (Rocha 2003). Rocha et al. (1998) surveyed the reef fishes in the whole coast of Paraíba state in depths ranging from 0.5 to 66 m, a considerably wider area, and found 161 species. Therefore, the ichthyofauna of Picãozinho, which used a similar sampling method as the studies mentioned above, is relatively rich, comprising 29% of all Brazilian reef fishes and 63% of all reef fishes detected in Paraíba state so far. Seven species (6.8% of all recorded species) are considered threatened. Four of these are included in the IUCN 2006 Red List (Anisotremus moricandi, Epinephelus itajara, Lutjanus analis and L. cyanopterus) and three in the official list of endangered species by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (MMA, 2004) (Elacatinus figaro, Gramma brasiliensis and Ginglymostoma cirratum). During free dives, only five of these species were observed: A. moricandi, E. figaro, and G. brasiliensis, as juveniles and adults, and L. analis and L. cyanopterus only as juveniles. This suggests that at least some of the previously recorded threatened species, such as E. itajara and G. cirratum, may be present in low population levels. These two species are highly targeted by both artisanal and spear fisheries, which are considered to be the major activities responsible for the recent collapse of large predators on reefs (see Myers & Worm 2003 for a review). The majority of fishes observed during the surveys in Picãozinho were juveniles. Although abundance of juveniles is common in shallow coastal reefs of Brazil (e. g. Ferreira et al. 1995), the lack of large fishes in Picãozinho may be due to the intense local fishery pressure performed historically on the reef and on its adjacent areas, and consequent changes of the reef fish community structure. Nowadays, even when target species 14 · Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press SOUZA ET AL. TABLE 1. Fish checklist of the Picãozinho reefs listed in phylogenetic order of families according to Nelson (2006). UFPB numbers represent voucher specimens from the collection of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Family Species Data Source Ginglymostomatidae Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre) Previous record from R S. Rosa Dasyatidae Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig Previous record from R S. Rosa Albulidae Albula sp. UFPB no number; present study Muraenidae Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani UFPB 3489 Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) Present study Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau) UFPB 3490; present study Ophichthidae Myrichthys ocellatus (Lesueur) Present study Clupeidae Harengula cf. clupeola (Cuvier) Present study Synodontidae Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz) Present study Ogcocephalidae Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus) UFPB 3791; present study Mugilidae Mugil curema Valenciennes UFPB 4511; present study Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus) Previous record from R S. Rosa Holocentridae Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck) UFPB 3491; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Myripristis jacobus Cuvier Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Syngnathidae Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg B. Feitoza, pers. comm. Scorpaenidae Scorpaena plumieri Bloch Present study Centropomidae Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch) Previous record from R S. Rosa Serranidae Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein) Previous record from R S. Rosa Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Serranus flaviventris (Cuvier) Previous record from R S. Rosa Grammatidae Gramma brasiliensis Sazima, Gasparini & Moura Present study Apogonidae Apogon americanus Castelnau UFPB 3492; present study Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey) UFPB 3493; present study Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus Present study Carangidae Carangoides bartholomaei Cuvier Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Carangoides crysos (Mitchill) Present study Caranx latus Agassiz Present study Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) Previous record from R S. Rosa Selene vomer (Linnaeus) Previous record from R S. Rosa Trachinotus falcatus(Linnaeus) Previous record from R S. Rosa Lutjanus analis (Cuvier) Present study Lutjanus alexandrei Moura & Linderman Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier) Present study Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider) Present study Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus) Present study Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Diapterus sp. Present study Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Ginard Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Lutjanidae Gerreidae FISHES OF PICÃOZINHO REEF, BRAZIL Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press · 15 Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Anisotremus moricandi (Ranzani) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch) UFPB 4505; present study Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus) UFPB 4504; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier UFPB 3509; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulon parra (Desmarest) UFPB 3498; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulon plumierii (Lacepède) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulon squamipinna Rocha & Rosa UFPB 3364; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert) UFPB 3495; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Sparidae Calamus pennatula Guichenot Previous record from R S. Rosa Sciaenidae Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier) Present study Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Scheider) UFPB 3494; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Mullidae Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Pempheridae Pempheris schomburgkii Müller & Troschel Present study Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch Previous record from R S. Rosa Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus) Previous record from R S. Rosa Pomacanthus paru (Bloch) Present study Kyphosidae Kyphosus sp. Previous record from R S. Rosa Pomacentridae Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Microspathodon chrysurus (Cuvier) Present study Stegastes fuscus (Cuvier) UFPB 3500; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Stegastes variabilis (Castelnau) UFPB 3499; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Halichoeres brasiliensis (Bloch) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Halichoeres penrosei Starks Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner) Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Scarus trispinosus Valenciennes Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Haemulidae Pomacanthidae Labridae Scaridae Scarus zelindae Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima Present study Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner) UFPB 3504; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz) Present study Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes) Present study Tripterygiidae Enneanectes altivelis Rosenblatt Present study Dactyloscopidae Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gill Present study Labrisomidae Labrisomus kalisherae (Jordan) UFPB 3503; present study Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard) UFPB 3497; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Malacoctenus sp. UFPB 3496 Malacoctenus triangulatus Springer Vuelta, C. B. 2000 Paraclinus rubicundus (Starks) Present study Starksia ocellata (Steindachner) UFPB 1288, 1289 Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis signifera (Ginsburg) Present study Blenniidae Entomacrodus nigricans Gill Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Ophioblennius trinitatis Miranda Ribeiro UFPB 3502; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Parablennius marmoreus (Poey) Present study Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill UFPB 4510; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Gobiidae 16 · Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press SOUZA ET AL. Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa UFPB 3316, 3366; present study Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan Present study Gobionellus saepepallens (Gilbert & Randall) UFPB 4508; present study Gobionellus stomatus Starks UFPB 4509; present study Lythrypnus sp. UFPB 3501 Microgobius meeki Evermann & Marsh UFPB 5276 Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau UFPB 3505, 4692; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch) UFPB 3506, 4693; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider UFPB 3507, 4694; Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Bothus lunatus Linnaeus Present study Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz) Present study Paralichthyidae Paralichthys sp. Present study Tetraodontidae Canthigaster figueiredoi Moura & Castro Present study Sphoeroides greeleyi (Gilbert) Present study Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch) Present study Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus) Previous record from R S. Rosa Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus Vuelta, C. B. 2000; present study Diodon hystrix Linnaeus Present study Acanthuridae Bothidae Diodontidae are observed, their individuals are of small size, mostly juveniles. In fact, the refuges of large commercially important fishes in the northeastern Brazilian coast appear to be the deep reefs (Feitoza et al. 2005). Due to intense human activities, 58% of the world’s reefs are considered threatened (Bryant et al. 1998) and several of these activities are directly influencing the population levels of many reef fishes. Tourism has the potential to reduce fish diversity and density, and affect the overall community structure of many reefs (Allison 1996; Harriot et al. 1997; Medio et al. 1997; Hawkins et al. 1999; Ilarri et al., in press). However, despite the current tourism pressure in Picãozinho (Vuelta 2000; Costa et al. 2007, Ilarri et al. in press), there is still relatively high fish species richness on the reef. Human activities, such as uncontrolled tourism and fishing, may lead to a reef community disruption in the future. These activities may also be intensified by the lack of efficient marine protected areas (MPAs) on the state and the ineffective management of fishing and tourism on the reef. Environmental campaigns involving tourists and the personnel engaged in activities in Picãozinho, as well as management plans are needed, as recommended by Moura (2000), since this reef sustains threatened species and a relatively high diversity of fishes. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Bertran Feitoza for previous fish records, local fisherman Dag for field assistance and Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira, Luiz A. Rocha and one anonymous referee for helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas of UFPB, CAPES and CNPq. FISHES OF PICÃOZINHO REEF, BRAZIL Zootaxa 1608 © 2007 Magnolia Press · 17 References Allison, W.R. 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