AFRICAN HERBALS

Medicinal Plants

This list is not intended in any way to replace modern medical science and if you do so it is
at your own risk. Rather this is meant as an aid to conventional therapy, able to do no harm
if used correctly and possibly aiding recovery in a sick and debilitated tortoise. In the wild
many animals seek out medicinal plants when they are ill - the most obvious case here is
the domestic dog. No studies have been done on whether tortoises do the same, but there
is also no reason to suppose they do not. Where a plant is either not harmful or commonly
eaten in the wild, there is no valid reason not to supply your tortoise with it if there is any
possible beneficial effect in ingesting it. Tortoises are usually very "wise" when it comes to
determining whether or not a plant is toxic or edible, they usually smell very carefully each
new plant before trying any, if they wander off after one bite chances are they know its not
a beneficial or edible plant. Since I taste all their food plants myself I am slowly becoming
familiar with what is acceptable and what isn't - though this is not a practice I would
recommend for the faint hearted.
You may be surprised to find some "toxic" plants listed here. It is interesting to note that
often a plant is listed as toxic when only the roots or flowers are so, the leaves could be
totally harmless or even beneficial. Not in all cases admittedly, but this does occur. Also
when considering a toxic plant, its not enough to know it is toxic, you need to know WHAT
toxin it contains, how does it work, and how can you counteract it if ingested. It has been
noted that tortoises are capable of ingesting toxins in amounts that would kill mammals,
without suffering any outward effects. To the best of my knowledge, no one has ascertained
"why". It should be interesting to find out.
As an example of zoopharmacognosy (self medication in animals), chimpanzees in Africa
travel miles in search of Aspilia , these plants are part of the sunflower family. They place
the leaves in their mouths but do not chew them, they "tongue" them for a few moments.
Their expression as they do this is one of distaste, much as humans have when obliged to
take nasty medicine. After this they swallow the leaves whole. Aspilia leaves contain a red
oil called Thiarubrine-A, this is a potent drug that kills bacteria and parasitic worms, and
even some fungi. Chimps also eat Vernonia (bitter leaf) plant family when they have an
intestinal disorder, they chew the shoots and swallow the bitter juice - these plants have
antibacterial properties and can boost the immune system against virus's.
Grizzly bears display similar behavior, chewing on Ligusticum porteri, part of the Lovage
family, and again the plant acts as a vermifuge. They even rub the juice into their fur to kill
off ticks and fungi.
When using plants as a food source, you are using cellulose and lignin. They provide
structural
support for plants, and they are important in nutrition, because they are not digested by
most animals (except rumniants), and hence for those animals form the very important
"insoluble fiber".

Plants are made up of many different compounds, some beneficial and some downright
harmful. Extreme care should be used when identifying any plant particularly if it is taken
from the wild, before it is used as a food plant. Common plant ingredients include Amino
acids (building blocks for proteins), sugar and gum, Glycosides, Lectins (protein
compounds), Glycoproteins, flavonoids, tannins. Also Quinones, coumarins (phenol
compounds), terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids (most of which are toxic).

Plants that aid healing

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Retards the development of streptozotocin diabetes in some
animals, encourages blood clotting and reduces uric acid. Aids weight gain and is a tonic.
Works as a binding agent for diarrhea. It is high in chlorophyll and nutrients. It alkalizes and
detoxifies the body, and is good for anemia, hemorrhaging and arthritis. Alfalfa promotes
pituitary gland function and contains antifungal agents.
Alepidea amatymbica (Apiaceae spp) It grows fairly commonly all over Africa and is
credited with antimicrobial properties. Active ingredient: several diterpenoids of the kaurene
type.
Aloe Vera Though this is listed by some as being a toxic plant, wild tortoises in South Africa
deliberately seek it out and eat it with much enthusiasm. It has immune enhancing activity
and is also a laxative, antiseptic, and antifungal. It works on the thyroid, the pituitary gland
and the ovaries. It has been used as an internal medicine for candidiasis. It contains Aloins Barbaloin and Isobarbaloin are extracted and used in the manufacture of chemical drugs.
Amathungulu (Carissa macrocarpa) The leaves are an old Zulu remedy for diarrhea in
domestic stock. Content is unknown.
Arctium lappa (Burdock). This common weed occurs all over the world. The roots are
believed to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-fungal effects, they have also
been widely used to treat cystitis. The leaves are commonly used applied to swelling (after
being boiled to soften them) and also applied to burns.
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves help detoxify liver and act as a digestive tonic.
Contains silymarin the same as milk thistle, acting as a natural antibiotic.
Astragalus (astragalus membranaceus) A tonic plant, it has immunomodulating activity augmenting proliferation of mononuclear white blood cells (macrophages and lymphocytes)
in vitro. Studies are continuing on this unique immune enhancing plant. It also protects liver
from pathological changes. Not to be confused with "locoweed" or "milk vetch" both of which
are toxic. Beware this plant is high in selenium and should only be used in small quantities.
Ballota africana (Lamiaceae spp) occurs naturally throughout the Cape (home range to
many South African tortoises) and has been used by bushmen as a medicinal herb for
respiratory problems and as a sedative. Active ingredient: diterpenoid lactones of the
labdane type (ballotenol). Common name: Kattekruie (cat herb)
Berula erecta (Apiaceae spp) grows throughout South Africa and is much favored by
tortoises in captivity. Its is also known as water parsnip. Though the root is said to be

poisonous, tortoises graze on leaves freely with no ill effects. Early bushmen used this plant
as a natural sedative. Active ingredient: Berulide, a triglyceride and erectene.
Buchu (Barosma betulina) indigenous to some Cape areas this is a plant that has long been
used for medicinal purposes, the leaves are believed to aid digestive complaints and act as a
stimulant tonic, also used as a remedy for bladder problems. Constituents are volatile oil
and mucilage, also diosphenol which has antiseptic properties.
Bulbine natalensis/latifolia (Asphodelaceae spp) an aloe-like plant common to many
areas of South Africa and eaten by tortoises in captivity. It is reputed to help intestinal
disorders and act as a blood cleanser. Chrysophanol contained in the leaves has antibacterial
properties, and the leaf sap can be used on wounds to promote healing. Sooths burns,
insect stings excellent for bruises and scrapes. Active ingredient: anthraquinones chrysophanol and knipholone. In the leaf gel glycoproteins aloctin A and aloctin B.
Common name: Rooiwortel (red root)
Butternut (Cucuribita supp) This acts as a natural laxative and is said to purify the liver
and have a deworming effect. The seeds contain a natural vermifuge, they are reputed to be
toxic but my own tortoises consume these with seemingly no ill effects at all.
Carpobrotus edulis (Mesembryanthemaceae spp) Common in many parts of the world.
Sap from leaves can be used to treat wounds, bites and stings, it is reputed to have both
antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. The leaves are said to aid digestion when eaten.
Active ingredient: Malic acid and citric acid. Commonly eaten by tortoises in captivity or the
wild in South Africa.
Carrot (Daucus carota) A natural diuretic and stimulant, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic.
Cleanses the system of impurities, and is useful in the treatment of respiratory conditions.
May help to overcome many glandular disorders. They are also high in beta-carotene the
precursor to vitamin A. The juice of a carrot contains sugar, starch, extractine gluten,
albumen, volatile oil, pectin, saline matter, malic acid and carotin They are rich in vitamins
A, B, C, and E and the minerals phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.
Carrots have been used as a natural dewormer and laxative.
Celery (Apium graveolens) It is a mild diuretic, and clears uric acid from painful joints. It is
a tonic for liver problems, stimulates the thyroid and pituitary glands, and is possibly an
antioxidant. It is also has anti-inflammatory properties.
Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) is a perennial weed occurring all over the world, and is used
in many homeopathic remedies. It's reported to be antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-allergic,
anti-inflammatory and a sedative. Aids wound healing, and is a natural laxative. It can
stimulate the immune system. It's also a diuretic, activating blood cleansing and stimulating
deep skin replacement. Aids liver function in animals. Should not be used in excess.
Active ingredient: Triterpenoid saponin known as asiaticoside
Common name: Pennywort, Varkoortjies (Afrikaans)
Chickweed (Stellaria Media) Some debate has arisen over saponin content (a plant
glycoside causing foaming) but it has long been used for birds to supply vitamin A and a
cleansing detoxifying tonic. Eaten with relish by captive species in South Africa, especially
hatchlings.

Chinese cucumber (Trichosanthes kirilowii) contains trichosanthin, currently under

investigation as an effective treatment for AIDS. This plant is said to have antibacterial,
anti-yeast and anti-inflammatory activity. It has commonly been used to feed captive
tortoises in South Africa with no ill effects noted
Cnicus Benedictus Has antibacterial activity against a wide variety of organisms, and antiyeast activity against Candida albicans. Improves circulation and acts as a tonic. It can also
be used as an appetite stimulant. Active ingredient: Cnicen (sesquiterpenoid lactone).
Common name: Blessed Holy thistle
Cone flower (Echinacea purpurea/pallida/angustifolia) This plant is said to rid the body of
microbial infections. It is effective against both bacteria and certain viruses. An extract
exhibited an action similar to interferon, and it remains active at room temperature. It
restores inflamed connective tissue, and stimulates the immune system in animals. Much
favored by South African tortoises. This plant holds much promise for the future and current
studies are being conducted to establish the exact constituents.
Corn (Zea Mays) Preliminary animal experiments with an aqueous extract of the corn silk
have found immuno-stimulant activity. It is also an aid for the dissolution of kidney stones,
and against inflammation of the urethra. Known in South Africa as the common mealie. The
leaves are a useful part of tortoise diet - high in fiber.
Cotyledon orbiculata (Crassulaceae) commonly found all over Africa and much favored by
tortoises in captivity. The leaves are said to be a natural dewormer. The plant contains
several cardiac glycosides, which in humans can be harmful. Active ingredient: Cardiac
glycosides of the bufadienolide type. Not to be over used.
Common name: Pig's ear, plakkie (Afrikaans). Be aware that many crassulae are NOT
suitable plant food as they are high in oxalates.
This plant is eaten at certain times of the year by captive tortoises in South Africa.
Couch grass/Wheat grass (Agropyron var. spp, in Africa Cynodon dactylon) Very valuable
in disorders of kidney and bladder. Has a natural antibiotic effect against bacteria and
moulds. It's a diuretic and relieves painful, scanty, frequent urination. This is the grass so
commonly eaten by dogs when they are not well. Couch grass was consumed in the wild by
G.pardalis and Psammobates during a two year wild study conducted by Magda Rall and N.
Fairall in the early 1990's. Contains triticin (a carbohydrate resembling inulin) and yielding
levulose on hydrolysis. Sugar, inosite, mucilage and acid malates are also constituents of the
drug content.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) The leaves and fruit aid intestinal ailments. Dietary value is
questionable as these are made up of around 96% water. The seeds are said to act as a
natural dewormer, a mild diuretic and kidney tonic. It is also used as an anti-inflammatory.
Cyclopia intermedia (Fabaceae) said to aid digestion and the renal system. Has free
radical capturing properties of phenolic compounds, which is thought to produce beneficial
effects. Active ingredient: Mangiferin (xanthone-C glycoside)
Common name: Honeybush tea, heuningbostee (Afrikaans)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is said to be the poor man's barometer, as blooms close
up when adverse weather threatens. Of all the so called "weeds" this is probably the most
used plant in tortoise feeding as it contains high amounts of vitamin A. It aids digestive
regularity and has beneficial effects in hepatic disorders, chronic inflammation and

enlargement of the liver. Increases the bile flow in animals. Stimulating effect on liver and
gall bladder secretion. A powerful diuretic to treat urinary disorders and fluid retention
without depleting potassium. Stimulates the excretion of toxins. The root grated over food
acts as a natural laxative.
Embelia ruminata (Myrsinaceae) contains ammonium embelate said to be effective
against tapeworm. It's also effective as a general tonic and is reputed to be an antiinfertility agent.
Active ingredient: Embelin, a Benzoquinone.
Ephedra (Ephedra vulgaris) relieves swelling of mucous membranes and is also a nerve
stimulant with anti-spasmodic properties and is used prophylactically for pneumonia. Active
ingredient is Ephedrine.
Eriocephalus africanus (Asteraceae) beneficial to the renal system and circulation, this
plant grows commonly in the Cape and Namaqualand and is available to wild tortoises.
Active ingredient: sesquiterpenoid lactones.
Common name: Wild rosemary
Eucomis autumnalis (Hyacinthaceae) aids wound healing and is an anti-inflammatory, can
be beneficial during bouts of diarrhea. South African tortoises commonly eat this plant in
captivity.
Active ingredient: Homoisoflavones, eucosterol.
Common name: Pineapple flower
Fennel (Foeniclum vulgare) Appetite stimulant, antimutagenic activity in bacteria, antifungal against Aspergillus and Trichophytum. Effective in cell cultures in vitro against several
human pathogens, anti-yeast against Candida albicans and it is a reputed anti-inflammatory
agent.
Fig (Ficus Carica) Used as a mild laxative and as a demulcent. The stalk of the ripe fruit is
said to have antibiotic properties. They are highly alkaline, and contain a powerful healing
agent, are antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and contain a bactericide. Helps to sooth
respiratory ailments, ease digestive complaints, and is said to be a cancer preventive. An
excellent pre-hibernation food as they are high in carbohydrates.
Garlic (Allium satavim) contains over 70 different sulphur compounds, plus the
bioflavonoids quercetin and cyanidin. It should be noted that garlic has a high selenium
content and thus should not be fed on a regular basis. It is reputed to be a vermifuge, an
immunostimulant, and also to have antibacterial activity. Captive tortoise in South Africa will
eat the leaves if given access, but show no interest in the bulbs.
Geranium incanum (Geraniaceae) aids recovery from bladder infections and diarrhea.
Grows in Western and Eastern Cape. Active ingredient: Tannins, flavenoides
Grape (Vitis vinifera) The leaves are astringent, and are sometimes used to stop bleeding
and as a cure for dysentery in cattle. The leaves contain cane sugar and glucose, tartaric
acid, potassium bi-tartrate, quercetine, quercitrin, tannin, amidon, malic acid, inosite, an
uncrystallizable fermentable sugar and oxalate of calcium. Ripe fruit acts as a diuretic if fed
in excess. Ripe grapes in quantity influence the kidneys producing a free flow of urine, and
are a stimulant. The ripe fruit contains sugar, gum, malic acid, potassium bi-tartrate and

inorganic salts. Raisins contain dextrose and potassium acid tartrate. The seeds contain
tannin. The unripe fruit contains malic, citric, racemic and tannic acids, potassium bitartrate, sulfate of potash and lime.
Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) used as an expectorant, and as a tonic for gastritis.
Blood cleanser, and a cleanser for renal system. Not to be confused with Hedera helix or
common ivy which is toxic.
Harpagophytum procumbens (Pedaliaceae) Animal studies indicate slight analgesic and
anti-arthritic effects, and an appetite stimulant. Active ingredient: phytosterols, harpagide,
triterpenoids and flavanoides. Common name: Devil's claw
Helichrysum spp (Asteraceae) commonly found throughout indigenous tortoise areas, this
plant has anti-microbial properties as well as being a natural pain reliever. The leaves can be
used as wound dressings and aid healing. Active ingredient: flavenids, sesquiterpenoids,
and acylated phloroglucinols.
Common name: Everlasting, kooigoed (Afrikaans)
Hypoxis hemerocallidea (Hypoxidaceae) this plant occurs commonly throughout South
Africa and is said to be beneficial for urinary infections.
Active ingredient: phytosterol glycosides, mainly B-sitosterol.
Juniper (Juniperus communis) G.pardalis have been observed eating fallen pine needles in
captivity, and these are said to have a detoxifying, antiseptic and diuretic effect.
Kalankoe spp - much favoured by South African tortoises in captivity, this plant is reputed
to aid in the recovery of respiratory disease. My own tortoises eat this plant down to the
ground as fast as I plant it. It is reputed to be toxic to mammals due to an unknown
compound, but this has not been observed in tortoises and the plant grows freely in their
natural areas.
Lederbouria spp a common wild Lilly throughout South Africa much favored by indigenous
tortoises, it is said to be effective against many intestinal ills and act as a blood cleanser. It
is also eaten as fast as I plant it.
lettuce: It is high in nitrates and is converted in the mouth into compounds that produce
nitric oxide - a potent antibacterial chemical. The "disinfectant" effect of this chemical was
tested and salivary production was high enough to kill even E.coli 0157 (the deadly
bacterium that is so often responsible for outbreaks of food poisoning). A small trial
conducted with volunteers on a trekking expedition through Nepal and Tibet showed that
those who took nitrate tablets suffered less vomiting, diarrhea and infections than the rest
who did not. Contents: Protein 0.9g, Carbohydrates 2.9g, Fat 0.9g, Fiber 0.5g, Phosphorus
22mg, Calcium 20mg, Iron 0.5mg, Sodium 9mg, Potassium 175mg, Vitamin A 330iu, B1
0.06mg, B2 0.06mg, B3 o.3mg, B6 0.005mg, Folic acid 10.3mcg, Vitamin C 6mg, Vitamin E
0.5mg. So often I hear people "barring" the use of lettuce or condemning it as a "bad" food.
Its not all bad, and along with a good balanced diet can actually be benificial. What is NOT
recommended is a diet of lettuce alone as this will not provide all the nutrients your tortoise
needs.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) leaves and fruit contain Silymarin,
(a liver protecting agent) and an antidote to poisoning by the mushroom toxins a-amantin

and phalloidin. Silymarin stimulates the growth of new liver cells. Reduces damage from
drugs and some poisoning
Nasturtium (Tropaeolum Majus) A natural antibiotic good for genito-urinary infections. Also
helps fight respiratory infections without destroying beneficial intestinal flora.
Oats (Avena Sativa) sprouting grass. Reduces fecal P\H. Tonic food for the heart, nerves
and thymus gland. General good tonic rich in inositol, vitamin E and B minerals. Not to be
overfed due to high protein levels in sprouts.
Pansy (Viola tricolor) rids the body of toxins, it also has laxative and diuretic properties.
Contains mucilaginous material, the flowers also have demulcent properties. Contains
Saponin the same as chickweed and is thus slightly suspect for feed use.
Papaya (Carica Papaya) acts as a natural laxative. Latex from unripe fruit and also the
leaves contain chymopapain, a protein digester used for treating intestinal disorders, and is
currently being used in humans on an experimental basis treating slipped discs. This plant is
sometimes confused with the North American Asminia triloba (papaw) which also commonly
grows in South Africa. The fruit does not seem to hold any special properties, but is much
loved by hinged species in South Africa. Angulate and leopard tortoises favour the flowers
and the leaves of this plant.
Parsley (petoselinium crispum) reduces free radicals aids digestion, reduces the release of
histamine. It is also a tonic and has the ability to shrink small blood vessels and help
bruising. Parsley is said to have antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Should not be
confused with Fool's parsley (thusa cynapium) which contains an alkaloid Cynopine and
which is almost as poisonous as hemlock
Contents: Apiol, a uterine stimulant, and to a lesser extent Myristicin.
Pawpaw (Asminia triloba) the leaves, flowers and fruit are eaten by most species of South
African tortoises. The fruit has a laxative effect and thus is a good post hibernation food.
Pellaea calomelanos (Adiantaceae spp) Commonly found in South Africa. It has been used
by natives to treat worm infestations.
Active ingredients: Triterpenoids of the hopane type such as adiantone. Research is being
done to determine whether triterpenoid saponins have any potential as pain relievers and
anti-inflammatory agents. Common name: Hard fern.
Pentanisia prunelloides (Rubiaceae) used as a blood tonic and to relieve nausea. It is
reported to be a natural antibiotic but as yet no details are available. Active ingredient:
Thought to be pentalongin - a napthoquinone (unconfirmed) Common name: Wild verbena
Plantain (Plantago Lanceolata and P.major) also known as broad leafed plantain, its
effective for urinary infections and valuable for its fiber content. The leaves have long been
used to stem bleeding in wounds. Effective against respiratory infections, it is still
recommended in herbal medicine for diarrhea. A rich source of minerals, it contains the
glycoside Aucubin and has antiseptic and strengthening properties. A compress of crushed
leaves reduces the pain and swelling from wasp stings. A valueable food source due to high
fibre content.

Polygala fruticosa (Polygalaceae) is said to have anti-fungal properties, and it is also used
to purify blood and heal mucous membrane. Common to many areas of South Africa and
thus available to tortoises in the wild. Content unknown.
Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) guava tree, leaves are a valuable remedy for diarrhea and to
aid wound healing. Contains Ellagic acid, a known intestinal astringent and haemostatic.
Also has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Researchers are currently studying antiHIV properties.
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seeds expel intestinal worms, including tapeworm. Effective
agent: Cucurbitin - an amino acid. Also contains L-tryptophan, effective against depression
and sleep disorders as well as anxiety in humans.
Raspberry (rubusideus) Contains a crystallizable fruit-sugar, a fragrant volatile oil, pectin,
citric and malic acids, mineral salts, Helps for bladder problems and is not liable to acetous
fermentation in the stomach.
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) this perennial is often used in pasture mixes, and is said to
relieve lung congestion and to act as an antispasmodic. Also used against diarrhoea.
Ingredient: Uzarin, and isoflavone biochanin A which is said to be a potent anticarcinogenic.
Rice (Oryza sativa) sprouts aid digestion, strengthen stomach and spleen. It is a natural
tonic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory. It is high in B vitamins (folic acid, pyridoxine and
thiamin), iron, and potassium.
Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor) Fresh leaves contain vitamin C and are an aid to
digestion. Helps stop internal bleeding. It is still regarded as a styptic, and an astringent.
Sanseveria hyacinthoides (Dracaenaceae) common to may parts of Africa this plant is a
natural dewormer and tortoises commonly eat it in captivity. Not to be confused with the
common "mother-in-law's tongue" which is toxic.
Sweet peppers (Capsicum Annuum) Pungent capsaicin serves as a digestive stimulant and
stimulates circulation.
Tetradenia riparia effective against respiratory ailments, this plant is a natural antibiotic
and antispasmodic. Chemical content: Ibozol, a diterpine diol, and Umuravumbolide. This
plant is commonly eaten by South African species.
Tomato (Lycopersion esulentum). The leaves and stems of the plant are toxic, and in some
countries are hung up to keep away roaches. The fruits contain vitamin C and can be used
as occasional treats, as they are said to be a digestive aid.
Violet (Viola odorata) Leaves are used as a respiratory and immune stimulant, and also to
cleanse the digestive system. The underground stems and roots are a strong emetic and
purgative as they have a higher concentration of a glucoside, Viola-quercitin.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) acts as an expectorant and an appetite stimulant.
Encourages immune activity in the body, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and
antiseptic. Useful as a preventive measure for chronic respiratory conditions. Provides good

supplies of the vitamins C, A, and B (thiamin and riboflavin), iron, potassium, and calcium.
(Note: in the wild watercress may carry liver flukes) Watercress should not be mistaken for
"Fool's cress" or Marshwort, which is poisonous.
Wild cabbage (Brassica Oleracea & B, Napus & B.Rappa.var.Nipposinica) Leaves contain
vitamin A, B1, B2 and C. It acts as a tonic for digestion, and inhibits bacterial growth. It
speeds tissue growth in wounds. Relieves nerve pain and detoxifies liver. Lorenzo's oil, used
to treat ALD is made from B. napus.
As the brassica family are high in oxalates this is a food to use with caution.
Wild strawberry (Fragaria Vesca) the fruit is rich in iron, valuable for anemia. It also
contains potassium. The root is used to treat intestinal and urinary disorders. The leaves
contain a toxin and should be avoided or dried thoroughly before use.
Wild celery (Apium graveolens) is a natural sedative and also a tonic - especially for the
nervous system. Contains Apiol.
Yarrow (Achillea millefoluim) Animal studies have shown extracts of yarrow can reduce
inflammation and have a sedative effect. Used as a diaphoretic, astringent, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, tonic and stimulant. Contains achillein and achilleic acid, which is
said to be identical with aconitic acid, also nitrates, phosphates and chlorides of potash and
lime. The flowers contain bitter components such as azulene and sesquiterpene. External
applications of a poultice made from the leaves is said to aid boils and reduce swelling.
Zantedeschia aethiopica (Araceae) also known as arum Lilly, these plants occur
throughout Africa and are commonly eaten by tortoises in captivity, though it has been
observed that while the plants are in flower the tortoises will not touch them. Since arum
lily's are high in oxalates it is presumed that oxalates are highest when the plant blooms.
Leaves have been used externally to treat wounds. Because of the oxalate content this plant
is best avoided as a food.

Important Medicinal Plants compilation

Pharmaceutical Developments from Plants

Plants used to Treat Cancer in Africa

Plants used to Treat Cancer in the Caribbean

Coastal Species useful for first aid: Surfing Medicine

Cited References

Pharmaceutical Developments from Plants*

Written by Dr. Summer Ragosta
The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose,
cure, prevent, or treat any illness or disease; neither is it the intention of Surfing Medicine
International to prescribe any course of treatment or therapy.
The following list represents selected species only and is not exhaustive. For a more extensive
compilation of plant-derived drugs including chemotherapeutic agents of plant origin, see Lewis
and Elvin-Lewis (1977).
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle)
The indole alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine were isolated from C. roseus and have been used
successfully in the treatment of Hodgkins disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma
(Hoffman 2003). This attractive flowering bush is commonly grown as an ornamental in tropical
regions around the world. In Jamaica, C. roseus is used as a traditional treatment for diabetes
(Mitchell & Ahmad 2006). Based on this information, Eli Lily Company discovered the antitumor effects of the alkaloids extracted from C. roseus (Sanders 2003) and has since developed
pharmaceuticals that have saved thousands of lives.
Asteraceae
Artemisia annua (Annual Mugwort, Quinghao)
Artemisinin and quinghaosu are among the active chemicals in this herb (Duke 1992). A. annua
is used in aqueous infusions to treat malaria in Ghana (Asase et al. 2005).
Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica (Ganja, Marijuana, Weed, Bud, Herb, Da Kine, Sensi,
Mota, Pakalolo, Green Cigarette, KB, Hierba, etc.)
Two notable drugs have been developed from phytochemicals found in C. sativa and are
currently being legally prescribed by doctors in Jamaica for patients suffering from glaucoma,
asthma, cancer and AIDS/HIV (Mathre 1997, Mitchell & Ahmad 2006). The drugs are marketed
under the trade names of Canasol (eye drops prescribed for glaucoma) and Asmasol (prescribed
for asthma and the nausea and decreased appetite associated with cancer and AIDS/HIV).
Marinol, a Cannabis derived pill, can serve as an anti-emetic and appetite booster, and its
immunomodulative effect should be taken into account in the treatment of any compromised
immune condition (Cabral and Staab, 2005). Canada recently approved a Cannabis derived
patented Sativex breath spray designed by GW Pharmaceuticals that has shown success in trials
for MS and advanced stages of treatment for cancer patients. There are numerous known
methods of Cannabis ingestion, from gases to liquids to solids. Different people report different
results when using different Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa strains for different illnesses.
The lack of legal research permits granted by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to
scientifically and methodically research the ecological and public health effects of Cannabis has

stymied the efforts of many international scientists to validate the efficacy of Cannabis as a
medicine and as a plant used in bioremediation.
Euphorbiaceae
Homalanthus nutans (Mamala)
Native to Samoa, Mamala is used traditionally to treat hepatitis (Cox 2001). Sanders (2004)
reports on the historic partnership between ethnobotanist Paul Cox, the Samoan government, and
the University of California, Berkeley to develop an anti-AIDS drug called Prostratin from
extracts of H. nutans bark and stem. Technology that uses cloned genes from the tree to produce
Prostatin may ensure sustainable yields.
Papaveraceae
Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)
The Opium Poppy is an annual plant native to Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) whose potent
soporific and analgesic effects have been known for centuries and were documented by historys
great physicians including Dioscorides, Galen, and Paracelsus (Taylor 1965). One of the main
active constituents in Poppy is the alkaloid morphine, isolated in 1803 by Wilhelm Sertrner
(Taylor 1965). Morphine is one of modern medicines greatest assets, providing effective relief
from intense pain caused by cancer, surgery, and other disease / trauma (Rossi et al. 1996).
Pharmaceutical companies have since developed synthetic versions of morphine including
hydrocodone, the active ingredient in Vicodin. Other bioactive alkaloids extracted from Opium
Poppy include codeine and papaverine. Heroin is a semi-synthetic substance created by
acetylating morphine (Rossi et al. 1996).
Rubiaceae
Cinchona officinalis (Quina, Quina-quina) The alkaloid quinine is found in the bark of this
Peruvian species and is effective against Plasmodium flaccarpum (malaria) when taken as an
aqueous infusion (Hoffman 2003).
Scrophulariaceae
Digitalis pupurea (Foxglove)
The virtues of Foxglove were learned from an unnamed old lady who used it in combination
with many other species as an effective cardiac tonic (Schiebinger 2004). The cardiac glycoside
digitalin was subsequently discovered and specific extraction and standardization methods to
produce derivatives including digitoxin and digitalis have been patented, leading to the
development of life-saving cardiovascular drugs. This example of gaining medical information
from herbalists whom are never given credit nor reciprocated is not unique.
Simaroubiaceae
Quassia amara (Quassia Wood) Named after a Surinam slave who bought his own freedom by
selling his medicinal plant knowledge (Schiebinger 2004), the bark of this South American
species has a concentration of quassinoids (Duke 1992), which are highly toxic triterpenes that
have shown striking antileukemic and antimalarial activity (Guo et al. 2005).
Taxacaceae
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew)

The alkaloid Taxol is naturally produced in the stem bark of this Pacific Northwest tree and the
FDA has approved the phytochemical for use in clinical trials investigating its value in treating
various forms of cancer including ovarian, node-positive breast, non-small cell lung, and AIDSrelated Kaposis sarcoma (Hoffman 2003). Taxols mode of action involves cellular apoptosis,
which may be induced by the disruption of microtubule dynamics, thereby inhibiting mitotic
division (Foss et al. 2008).
*Species classifications according to Mabberley (1989)
.
Plants* used to Treat Cancer in Africa
Compiled by Summer Austin
The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose,
cure, prevent, or treat any illness or disease; neither is it the intention of Surfing Medicine
International to prescribe any course of treatment or therapy.
This list represents selected species only and is not exhaustive.
Daniel Abbiw (1990) lists several species of plants used in Ghana to treat various forms of
cancer:
Anacardiaceae
Spondias mombin (Hog Plum, Ashanti Plum) aqueous extract of bark for uterine cancer
Annonaceae
Xylopia aethipica (Spice Tree, Ethiopian Pepper, Hwenetia) nose cancer; also shown to have
alkaloids with anti-malarial activity (Mabberley 1989)
Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia vomitoria (Kakapenpen) general cancer
Voacanga africana (Ofuruma) general cancer
Celastraceae
Maytensus buchananii, senegalensis (Mabberley 1989) contain alkaloids including maytansine
that are useful in treating pancreatic cancer
Cucurbitaceae
Momordica charantia (African Cucumber) in combination with an unspecified part of Hilleria
latifolia for breast cancer
Fabaceae
Abrus precatorius (Prayer Beads) poultice of ground beans pods and water for external
application to treat epithelioma

Lamiaceae
Ocimum basilicum (Eme) stem twigs used to treat unspecified cancer
Moraceae
Ficus asperifolia (Sandpaper Tree) breast cancer
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa (Hogweed) breast cancer
Passifloraceae
Adenia rumicifolia var. miegei, lobata (Peteha) used in combination with pepper, Guinea
grains, and leaf of Musa paradisiaca (Plantain) for nose cancer
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon Leadwort, Opapohwea) combined with Ricinus communis
(Castor Oil plant) in an oil infusion for stomach cancer
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Candle Wood), Z. gilletii (Okua) unspecified parts to treat
unspecified cancer
*Species classifications according to Mabberley (1989)
.
Plants* used to Treat Cancer in the Caribbean
Compiled by Summer Austin
The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose,
cure, prevent, or treat any illness or disease; neither is it the intention of Surfing Medicine
International to prescribe any course of treatment or therapy.
This list represents selected species only and is not exhaustive.
Edward Ayensu (1981) lists several species used in the West Indies and Jamaica (respectively)
for cancer treatment:
Amaryllidaceae
Hymenocallis tubiflora (Loyon Dill) contains the alkaloid lycorin, known to have
antineoplastic, antimalarial, and antibacterial activities (Ayensu 1981)
Asteraceae
Bidens pilosa (Spanish needle) used in combination with other species for cancer (Ayensu
1981)

Bignoniaceae
Jacaranda coerulea (Cancer Bush) parch leaves and prepare an aqueous infusion to bathe areas
afflicted with skin cancer (Ayensu 1981)
*Species classifications according to Mabberley (1989)
.
Coastal Species* useful for first aid: Surfing Medicine
Written by Summer Austin
The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose,
cure, prevent, or treat any illness or disease; neither is it the intention of Surfing Medicine
International to prescribe any course of treatment or therapy.
This list represents selected species only and is not exhaustive.

Surfers, fisherman, and anyone who enjoys cruising the oceans and beaches will find this list of
plants useful. It is a common belief that remedies are often found growing close to the cause of
the ailment (Bennett 2007). So next time you drag yourself to shore with a fresh reef cut,
sunburn, or jelly fish sting, you may find immediate relief right on the beach!
Aloeaceae
Aloe vera (Aloe, Single Bible) sap from the leaves can be applied topically to soothe sunburn
and other types of minor dermatitis
Araceae
Cocos nucifera (Coconut tree, Niu) drink the water from the green fruits for rehydration; the
meat or jelly can be eaten as an excellent source of sodium, potassium, protein, and fat
(Robertson 1982)
Bignoniaceae
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree)- grows from coast to summits in some areas of
Hawaii, and other tropical ecosystems. The leaf and bark are used in West Africa to treat
Gonorrhea, Dysentery, Proctitis, Ulcers, Leprosy, and Syphilis (Githens 1949).
Caricaceae
Carica papaya (Papaya, Pawpaw) rub the skin of the green fruit onto infectious wounds
(Robertson 1982)
Rubiaceae
Morinda citrifolia (Noni) for skin infections, place a leaf over an open flame or hot electric
burner until the leaf is soft or withered and place over affected area; juice or pulp from the ripe

fruit can also be used for skin infections by rubbing on affected area (Kaiahua 1997). In Tropical
Africa, the root is used to treat fever, malaria, and yellow fever (Githens 1949).
*Species classifications according to Mabberley (1989)