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  • Apposition & Ellipsis - Gr6

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    Mai Nhung Phạm
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    Apposition refers to two noun phrases referring to the same person or thing placed next to each other in a clause, while ellipsis is the omission of words that are understood from context. Ellipsis can omit subjects, auxiliaries, predication, direct objects, adverbials, and heads of noun phrases or prepositional complements. The document provides examples of different types of apposition and ellipsis.

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    Apposition refers to two noun phrases referring to the same person or thing placed next to each other in a clause, while ellipsis is the omission of words that are understood from context. Ellipsis can omit subjects, auxiliaries, predication, direct objects, adverbials, and heads of noun phrases or prepositional complements. The document provides examples of different types of apposition and ellipsis.

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    28 views28 pages

    Apposition & Ellipsis - Gr6

    Uploaded by

    Mai Nhung Phạm
    Apposition refers to two noun phrases referring to the same person or thing placed next to each other in a clause, while ellipsis is the omission of words that are understood from context. Ellipsis can omit subjects, auxiliaries, predication, direct objects, adverbials, and heads of noun phrases or prepositional complements. The document provides examples of different types of apposition and ellipsis.

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    of 28

    APPOSITION vs.

    ellipsis
    Agenda
    01 02
    Apposition Ellipsis
    01
    Apposition
    When we use two noun phrases (np) next to each other in a clause, and
    they refer to the same person or thing, we call this apposition:

    For example:
    The living room, the biggest room in the house, looks out on to a

    [NP 1] [NP 2]
    beautiful garden.
    The two appositives need not have the same grammatical form.
    Thus, one of the appositives is a noun phrase while the other can
    be a non-finite clause
    For example:
    Playing football on Sunday, his favorite exercise, kept him fit.
    [non-finite clause] [noun phrase]
    Apposition may be non-restrictive or restrictive.
    Amanda my friend, is on the honor roll again. (Retrictive)
    We know Amanda is on the honor roll again, even if we don't know
    she's your friend.

    My best friend, Amanda, is on the honor roll again.


    Amanda is nonrestrictive because you can only have one best friend.
    We don't need to know her name is Amanda in order to know who you
    are writing about.
    Finite and Non-finite
    appositive clauses
    02. Finite & non-finite appositive clauses (ACs)
    2.1. Finite appositive clauses (ACs)
    - Resemble relative clauses (RCs) in being capable of
    introduction by 'that'. => VERY SIMILAR

    1. The story that I wrote was published. => RC


    2.The story that I had resigned was published. => AC
    02. Finite & non- infinite appositive clauses (ACs)
    2.1. Finite appositive clauses
    - ACs is different from RCs:
    'that' is NOT an element in the clause structure.
    The non-restrictive AC has the same introductory item as
    the restrictive.
    02. Finite & non- infinite appositive clauses (ACs)
    2.1. Finite appositive clauses
    The non-restrictive AC has the same introductory item as
    the restrictive.
    1. He objected to the fact that a reply 3. The lamp that Aunt Betsy gave me is
    had not been sent earlier. on the bedside table.
    => Restrictive AC => Restrictive RC
    2. He rejected their excuses, that this 4. The lamp, which was given to me by
    investigations had taken several months. Aunt Betsy, is on the bedside table.
    => Non-restrictive AC => Non-restrictive RC
    02. Finite & non- infinite appositive clauses (ACs)
    2.1. Finite appositive clauses
    - ACs is different from RCs:
    'that' is NOT an element in the clause structure.
    The non-restrictive AC has the same introductory item as
    the restrictive.
    The head of the N phr must be a general abstract noun:
    fact, idea, proposition, reply, remark, answer, etc.
    I agree with the old saying that 'A friend to all is a friend to none'.
    02. Finite & non-finite appositive clauses (ACs)
    2.2. Non-finite appositive clauses
    - Apposition by non-finite clauses occurs with infinitive and -ing
    clauses; NO '-ed clauses' in appositive postmodification.

    His decision to become an actor was not supported by his family.

    My goal in life, to become a professional dancer, is within my grasp this


    year, at last.

    Psychology, studying the human mind, has become a popular major at


    university recently.
    02
    ELLIPSIS
    Ellipsis
    It is the non-use of words or phrases whose meanings
    are understood or implied between speakers and
    hearers, or are recoverable from the immediate text or
    context.

    E.g:
    Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter) drank a
    cup of water.
    Ellipsis of
    subject (and auxiliaries)

    Identical subjects of coordinated clauses are ellipted.


    E.g: She goes to work by bike and (she) sleeps at the
    office.

    Ellipsis of
    subject (and auxiliaries)

    If the subjects and the auxiliaries are identical, ellipsis of both is


    normal:
    Eg: Mary has washed the dishes, (Mary has) dried them, and
    (Mary has) put them in the cupboard.

    When ellipsis are in coordination, the realized items are in the


    first clause and the ellipsis is in subsequent.

    Ellipsis of
    auxiliaries only

    If the subjects of coordinated clauses are different, there may


    be ellipsis of an identical auxiliary
    Eg:
    John should clean the shed and Peter (should) mow the lawn.

    Ellipsis of
    auxiliaries only

    If there is more than one auxiliary, it is normal for all to be


    ellipted:
    Eg:
    John must have been playing football and Mary ( must have
    been ) doing her homework

    Ellipsis of
    or predication

    If the predication is ellipted completely, it is usual to have the


    predication realized in the first clause and ellipted in
    subsequent
    clauses:
    Eg:
    I’m working hard, but John isn't (working hard).

    Ellipsis of
    or predication

    The ellipted form of the auxiliary or lexical verb sometimes


    varies from that of the realized form when one is third person
    singular present and
    the other is not:
    Eg:
    I work in a factory and my brother (works) on a farm.

    Auxiliaries in
    predication ellipsis

    In general, most co-occurrences of auxiliaries are allowed


    Eg:

    His friends already belong to the club and he will (belong to the

    and modal]
    club) soon. [present

    Ellipsis of
    direct object or subject complement
    If the direct object alone is ellipted,
    the realized items must be in the last clause.

    E.g:
    John likes Mary, and Peter hates Mary.
    -> John likes, and Peter hates, Mary.
    Ellipsis of
    direct object or subject complement
    If the subject complement alone is ellipted, and the
    verb in the last clause is other than "be",
    the realized items must be in the last clause.
    E.g:
    George was angry, and Bob certainly seemed angry.
    -> George was, and Bob certainly seemed, angry.
    Ellipsis of
    direct object or subject complement
    However, when the verb in the last clause is "be",
    the realized items can be either in the first or in the
    last clause.
    E.g:
    George seemed angry, and Bob certainly was angry.
    -> George seemed, and Bob certainly was, angry.
    or George seemed angry, and Bob certainly was.
    Ellipsis of
    adverbial
    - The scope of the adverbial is extended to subsequent
    clauses >> It is ellipted.
    - This is particularly so when the adverbial is positioned
    initially.
    E.g:
    Unfortunately, John is not at home, and Sally
    is too busy to see you.
    Ellipsis of the head of noun phrase
    and of prepositional complement
    E.g:

    We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled fish.


    -> We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled.
    E.g:
    Bob is bored with music, but Peter enjoys music.
    -> Bob is bored with, but Peter enjoys music.
    Thank you for
    participating!
    See you next time!

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