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1. How successful is the technique of cloning adult mammals by implanting DNA into donor eggs?
a. Few embryos survive until birth, and of those that do, many have serious health problems.
b. About half of the embryos survive until birth, but many of these die before adulthood.
c. Of the embryos that survive until birth, health outcomes are predictable.
d. Most embryos survive, but are not able to reproduce as adults.
e. Most embryos survive and lead healthy adult lives.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.1 A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.10 - Examine the potential advantages and disadvantages of cloning
organisms.
3. Which structures have the same length, shape, and centromere location?
a. karyotypes
b. histones
c. bacteriophages
d. nucleosomes
e. autosome pairs
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8. 5 - Determine the structure of DNA.
6. Fred Griffith's experiment, in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrated that _____.
a. pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms
b. harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by a bacteria transformation factor
c. pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains
d. dead cells lose their genetic information
e. DNA is a protein rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith’s experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
7. If an injection to the mouse contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will die
b. live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
9. If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will live
b. the mouse will became fatally ill and live S strain bacteria will be detected in its blood
c. the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria
d. the dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria
e. DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
10. Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to
the extract.
a. protein transfer
b. mRNA-degrading
c. tRNA-degrading
d. DNA-degrading
e. nucleic transfer
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
11. Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing harmless (R) bacteria to lethal (S)
bacteria?
a. Avery and McCarty
b. Griffith
c. Chargaff
d. Hershey and Chase
e. Pauling
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
Figure 8.4
12. The accompanying figure represents the research of which scientist(s)?
a. Delbrück
b. Avery and McCarty
c. Chagraff
d. Luria
e. Hershey and Chase
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
13. What is the concept illustrated by the experiment in the accompanying figure?
a. Protein is not the encoding material.
b. Protein cannot enter the host cell.
c. Protein renatures due to radiation.
d. Protein is composed of subunits with phosphate.
e. Protein is composed of subunits with sulfur.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
14. The Hershey and Chase experiments, in which radioactive phosphorus (32P) and radioactive sulfur (35S) were used,
demonstrated that ____.
a. DNA labeled with 35S and proteins labeled with 32P can be traced over the course of an experiment
b. DNA labeled with 32P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus
c. proteins labeled with 35S become deactivated and unable to be transferred
d. bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their coat proteins, into their hosts
e. DNA may be the hereditary material, although bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
15. If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is
placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain ____.
a. primarily radioactive sulfur
b. primarily radioactive phosphorus
c. both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus
d. neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus
e. complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
information.
16. The experiments that clearly distinguished DNA and not protein as the hereditary material were conducted by _____.
a. Pauling
b. Hershey and Chase
c. Griffith
d. Watson and Crick
e. Avery
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
18. DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.
a. adenine
b. uracil
c. guanine
d. adenine
e. thymine
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
20. ____ discovered the basis for the ____ rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical, as are
the amounts of cytosine and guanine.
a. Avery; base-pair
b. Griffith, double helix
c. Chargaff; base-pair
d. Chase; double helix
e. Pauling; base-pair
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
21. Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many aspects of DNA’s structure?
a. transformation
b. transmission electron microscopy
c. density-gradient centrifugation
d. x-ray crystallography
e. chromatography
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
23. Which discovery was determined about DNA from x-ray diffraction data?
a. DNA is uniform in length.
b. DNA is short and narrow.
c. DNA has a repeating pattern.
d. DNA molecules are flat.
e. DNA molecules are round.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
24. Each DNA double helix has a backbone that consists of alternating ____.
a. covalent and ionic bonds
b. nitrogen-containing bases
c. hydrogen bonds
d. sugar and phosphate molecules
e. covalent and hydrogen bonds
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
26. In a 3-D double helix model of DNA, the center consists of ____.
a. deoxyribose sugars
b. hydrogen bonds
c. nucleotide base pairs
d. phosphate groups
e. sugar–phosphate backbones
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.
Figure 8.11.
30. The accompanying figure best illustrates ____.
a. DNA repair
b. semiconservative replication
c. the action of the ligases
d. the binding of initiator proteins
e. DNA hybridization
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.11
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.
32. What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?
a. autosomal
b. karyotype
c. diploid
d. base-paired
e. helical
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.6 - Examine the role played by DNA sequence in the diversity of
organisms.
40. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create human embryos for research purposes in ____.
a. embryo cloning
b. embryo splitting
c. therapeutic cloning
d. artificial twinning
e. stem cell cloning
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.
Matching
42. Chargaff
ANSWER: f
43. Franklin
ANSWER: h
46. Wilkins
ANSWER: g
47. Miescher
ANSWER: b
Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a. guanine
b. cytosine
c. pyrimidine
d. thymine
e. uracil
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
49. Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this
nucleotide.
ANSWER: d
50. This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.
ANSWER: e
52. If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this nucleotide complements it on the other chain.
ANSWER: c
53. Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.
ANSWER: b
Completion
54. Experiments with bacteria and ____________________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not
protein, is the hereditary material.
ANSWER: bacteriophages
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.
55. A free nucleotide has a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), ____________________ phosphate group(s), and one of four
nitrogen-containing bases.
ANSWER: one; 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
Essay
59. A bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication. How many cells would result, and how many of those cells would
still have part of an original DNA strand from the starting bacterium?
ANSWER: After four rounds of replication there would be 16 cells. Of those 16 cells, only two would
have an original DNA strand.
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.
60. Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?
ANSWER: No, there are various reproductive interventions available that produce genetically identical
individuals. One example is embryo splitting which occurs naturally in the case of identical
twins, but can also be done by technicians teasing the embryo apart from an early,
multicellular stage. However, to clone an adult animal, SCNT would be necessary.
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
Since the chronicle goes on to tell that Louis the king was
concealed behind the tapestry during the interview of Madame and
her old friend Ninon, the appearance of d’Aubigné, with his string of
furious reproach, was of course singularly inopportune; and at last
the king, unable any longer to restrain his wrath, dashed aside the
concealing Gobelins, and white with anger, and his eyes blazing with
indignation, ordered the culprit’s arrest by the guards, and carrying
off to the Bastille. Confounded by the unexpected apparition,
d’Aubigné’s sober sense returned, and he promised everything
required of him with the humblest contrition, adding that if he might
suggest the homely proverb in that august presence, there was
nothing like washing one’s soiled linen at home.
The king’s silence yielded consent, and d’Aubigné was permitted
to depart from his brother-in-law’s presence a free man, on condition
of making St Sulpice his headquarters. It was at least preferable to a
lodging in one of the Bastille towers, he said, but any restraint or
treachery on the part of Françoise, or of Louis, in the way of his
coming and going into what he called that black-beetle trap of St
Sulpice, would be at once signalised. And thus the difficulty was
adjusted, a compromise being effected by appointing a certain Abbé
Madot to shadow the ways of d’Aubigné when he took his walks
abroad.
But for Ninon the malice of her old friend took on virulence, and it
was found later that Françoise charged her with having planned the
scandalous scene, in so far as bringing d’Aubigné into it; that she
had connived at his coming just at that moment. Yet exactly, except
for the king’s concealed presence, what overwhelming harm would
have ensued, is not apparent, and certainly for that situation, Ninon
could not have been responsible. Henceforth all shadow of
friendship between the two women died out, and enmity and
bitterness were to supervene when opportunity should be ripe.
CHAPTER XXIV
And time passed on—passed on. The brilliant century was in its sere
and yellow leaf, and one of the best and most amiable of the glorious
band, le Nôtre, the gardener par excellence, faded and died, to the
great grief of Louis, who dearly loved his company, and would walk
by his chair in the garden of Versailles, when the invalid’s limbs had
failed him. Ninon keenly felt the loss of the kindly friend, who had
been one of the party to Rome with Santeuil—who had nearly
missed the papal benediction on his hymns, as he always believed,
by his witticisms about the carp. And now the good canon was to die,
victim of a practical joke on the part of the young Duc de Condé, who
amused himself with emptying the contents of his snuff-box into his
guest’s glass of champagne. Unawares, Santeuil drained the glass;
and the hideous concoction produced a fit of such convulsive
sickness, that he died of it. Bitterly enough Condé repented, but that
did not bring back his friend.
About the time that the zenith of Louis’s power was attained, when
his very name was uttered on the bated breath of admiration, hatred
and terror—and the yoke of the widow Scarron had not yet
entangled him—and while the Doge of Genoa was compelled by
Duquesne to sue for mercy at the feet of the French monarch—
accused of complicity with the pirates of the Mediterranean—the
Court of Rome was compelled to yield to the demands of the Church
in France, in the matter of the régale. This right, which had ever
been the strength and mainstay of religious Catholic independence
in France, had fallen in later days somewhat into abeyance; and
when, some nine years earlier, it had been put into active force
again, the pope opposed it. To establish it on a firm footing was the
work of Bossuet, who set forth and substantiated with the bishops of
the dioceses of France the existing constitution of the Gallican
Church under the ruling of the four famous articles: 1. That
ecclesiastical power had no hold upon the temporal government of
princes. 2. That a General Council was superior to the pope. 3. That
the canons could regulate apostolical power and general
ecclesiastical usage. 4. That the judgment of the Sovereign Pontiff is
only infallible after the universal and general consent of the Church.
The pope and the Court of Rome had no choice but finally to
accept these propositions; but unpalatable as they were, they came
between the worse evil threatening Catholic Unity, of a schism such
as it had suffered in England under Elizabeth and Henry.
The splendid gifts of Bossuet place his memory on a lasting and
lofty eminence, as it placed him, living, in distinguished positions,
Bishop of Meaux, preacher at the Louvre, preceptor to the Dauphin.
From his profound theological learning welled forth the splendid
eloquence which thrilled the vast assemblages flocking to drink in his
orations. One of the most magnificent among these was that at the
obsequies of the great Condé, beginning—
“Cast your gaze around; see all that magnificence and piety has
endeavoured to do, to render honour to the hero: titles, inscriptions, vain
records of what no longer exists, the weeping figures around the tomb
and fragile images of a grief which Time, with all the rest, will bear away
with it, columns which appear to lift to high heaven their magnificent
testimony to him who is gone; and nothing is lacking in all this homage
but him to whom it is given.... For me, if it is permitted to join with the
rest in rendering the last duties beside your tomb, O Prince! noble and
worthy subject of our praise and of our regrets, you will live eternally in
my memory. I shall see you always, not in the pride of victory ... but as
you were in those last hours under God’s hand, when His glory was
breaking on you. It is thus I shall see you yet more greatly triumphing
than at Fribourg and at Rocroi.... And in the words of the best-beloved
disciple, I shall give thanks and say—‘The true victory is that which
overcometh the world—even our faith.’”
says Friar Lawrence, musing over his “osier cage,” of weeds and
flowers. There had been no time on Christian record that the
question had not exercised theologians, and when it had burnt into
fuller flame, fanned by the ardent soul of Luther, it spread through
Europe and was called the Reformation; but the spirit of it had been
ever present in the Church, and to endeavour to stamp out the
Catholic faith had, in Luther’s earlier days at all events, formed no
part of his desire. Yet scarcely had his doctrines formulated, than the
fanaticism and extravagance of the ignorant and irresponsible seized
upon them, and wrung them out of all size and proportion to fit their
own wild lusts and inclinations, “stumbling on abuse,” striving to
impose their levelling and socialistic views, and establish a
community of goods, and all else in common—even their wives,
though dispensing with clothing as a superfluity and a vanity
displeasing in Heaven’s sight. So Anabaptism ran riot in Germany
under John of Leyden and his disciples; while upon its heels Calvin’s
gloomy and hopeless tenets kept men’s minds seething in doubt and
speculation over grace and free-will, his narrow creed and private
enmity bringing Servetus to hideous and prolonged torture and death
at the stake, for heresy.
Stirred by the revolt of Protestantism on one side, and the claims
of Rome on the other, supported by the Jesuits, speculation gained
increased activity within the pale of the Catholic Church, animated
further by the writings of Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, whose theories
on grace and the efficacy of good works were grounded mainly on
the viâ media, and it was the following of his opinions by the
illustrious students gathered at Port Royal which created the school
of Jansenists that included such names as Fénelon, Pascal, and so
many others, headed by the Abbé Arnauld, whose sister Angélique
was the Superior of the convent of Port Royal, and whose father, the
learned advocate, had been so stern an opponent to the Jesuits as
to have caused their expulsion from France in the reign of Henri IV.
Readmitted later, they found as firm an opponent in his son, who,
when still quite young, wrote a brilliant treatise against the danger of
Jesuit casuistry.
The convent of Port Royal des Champs was situated on the road
from Versailles to Chevreuse, and hard by, in a farmhouse called La
Grange, “Messieurs de Port Royal,” as the Jansenist priests and
students were called, made their home. They had for their friends the
most distinguished men, scholars and poets of the time; Boileau,
Pascal, Racine were of the band. The place itself is now scarcely
more than a memory. It was then, wrote Madame de Sévigné, “Tout
propre à inspirer le désir de faire son salut,” and hither came many a
high-born man and woman of the world to find rest and peace. Now
a broken tourelle or two, the dovecote and a solitary Gothic arch
reflecting in a stagnant pool, are all that remain in the sequestered
valley, of the famous Port Royal, which early in the next century was
destroyed by royal decree, when its glory had departed, following the
foreordained ruling of all mundane achievement; and the
extravagance of the convulsionnaires and later followers of
Jansenism was stamped out by the bull “Unigenitus” against heresy.
Arnauld’s heart was deposited at Port Royal at his death, with the
remains of his mother and sisters. Louis XIV., as ever his wont had
been to genius and intellect, had invited him “to employ his golden
pen in defence of religion;” but that was before the great king came
under the direction of Madame de Maintenon and Père la Chaise.
But that Madame and her Jesuit confessor would long continue to
regard the Port-Royalists with favour was not possible. Intolerance
succeeded to patronage, and Fénelon was deported to Cambrai,
sent afar from his friend, Madame Guyon, whose order of arrest and
incarceration in the Château de Vincennes was issued very shortly
after Mademoiselle de L’Enclos’ interview with Madame Louis
Quatorze in her Versailles sanctum.
In her dismay, Madame Guyon contrived to fly to Ninon, seeking
protection; but it was of no avail. Without a moment’s delay, Ninon
drove to Versailles, and sought an interview with Madame de
Maintenon on behalf of Madame Guyon. The interview was not
accorded. Nanon—the Nanon of Scarron days, but now
“Mademoiselle Balbien”—was delegated to speak with her.
—“Mademoiselle Balbien,” who gave Ninon to understand that she
was to be addressed no longer as “tu” (“thou”), but as “vous” (“you”),
that the question of Madame Guyon could not even be entered upon,
and under threat of being herself again lodged in the Répenties she
was bidden to depart.
Ninon was at first amazed at this strange reception and insolent
behaviour of mistress and maid. But she was not left long in
perplexity, since “Mademoiselle Balbien” permitted the truth to
escape her prim lips, that Madame de Maintenon had credited Ninon
with the design of introducing d’Aubigné into the boudoir in the
middle of that memorable interview, with the intention of disgracing
Madame in the estimation of the king. That Ninon was not made of
the stuff for this, it is almost superfluous to say. Any sins she might
have to answer for, did not include the hypocrisy with which Madame
de Maintenon had clothed herself about, and almost equally
needless is it to repeat that by no possible means the concealed
presence of the king could have been known by any but the two
most immediately concerned. It could be but a matter of their dual
consciousness.
For six years Madame Guyon remained in prison. Monsieur
Fénelon’s Maximes des Saints was condemned by the Court of
Rome, and the bigotry and hypocrisy ruling Versailles swelled daily.
Molière, alas! was no more, to expose the perilous absurdities and
lash them to extinction; but the comedy of La Fausse Prude,
produced some weeks later at the Italiens, was a prodigious
success. The world greatly enjoyed and admired the fitting of the
cap, built upon the framework supplied by one who had befriended
and sheltered under her own roof the forlorn young orphan girl,
Françoise d’Aubigné.
CHAPTER XXV