Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Dictyosome: Modifying, and Packaging Proteins and Lipids Into Vesicles For

    Uploaded by

    ASHFAQ AHMAD
    704 views11 pages

    Original Title

    08 Dictyosomes

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    704 views11 pages

    Dictyosome: Modifying, and Packaging Proteins and Lipids Into Vesicles For

    Uploaded by

    ASHFAQ AHMAD

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11

    Dictyosome

    • The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in most eukaryotic


    cells. It is made up of membrane-bound sacs, and is also called
    a Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome.
    • Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body,
    membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells (cells with
    clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened,
    stacked pouches called cisternae.
    • The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting,
    modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for
    delivery to targeted destinations.
    • It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic
    reticulum and near the cell nucleus. While many types of cells
    contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant cells can
    contain hundreds.
    • In general, the Golgi apparatus is made up of approximately
    four to eight cisternae, although in some single-celled
    organisms it may consist of as many as 60 cisternae.
    • The cisternae are held together by matrix proteins, and the
    whole of the Golgi apparatus is supported by cytoplasmic
    microtubules.
    • The apparatus has three primary compartments, known
    generally as “cis” (cisternae nearest the endoplasmic
    reticulum), “medial” (central layers of cisternae), and “trans”
    (cisternae farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum).
    • Two networks, the cis Golgi network and the trans Golgi
    network, which are made up of the outermost cisternae at the
    cis and trans faces, are responsible for the essential task of
    sorting proteins and lipids that are received (at the cis face) or
    released (at the trans face) by the organelle.
    • The proteins and lipids received at the cis face arrive in
    clusters of fused vesicles. These fused vesicles migrate along
    microtubules through a special trafficking compartment, called
    the vesicular-tubular cluster, that lies between the endoplasmic
    reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
    • When a vesicle cluster fuses with the cis membrane, the
    contents are delivered into the lumen of the cis face cisterna.
    • As proteins and lipids progress from the cis face to the trans
    face, they are modified into functional molecules and are
    marked for delivery to specific intracellular or extracellular
    locations.
    • Some modifications involve cleavage of oligosaccharide side
    chains followed by attachment of different sugar fractions in
    place of the side chain. Other modifications may involve the
    addition of fatty acids or phosphate groups (phosphorylation)
    or the removal of monosaccharides.
    • The different enzyme-driven modification reactions are
    specific to the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. For
    example, the removal of mannose moieties occurs primarily in
    the cis and medial cisternae, whereas the addition of galactose
    or sulfate occurs primarily in the trans cisternae.
    • In the final stage of transport through the Golgi apparatus,
    modified proteins and lipids are sorted in the trans Golgi
    network and are packaged into vesicles at the trans face.
    • These vesicles then deliver the molecules to their target
    destinations, such as lysosomes or the cell membrane.
    • Some molecules, including certain soluble proteins and
    secretory proteins, are carried in vesicles to the cell membrane
    for exocytosis (release into the extracellular environment).
    • The exocytosis of secretory proteins may be regulated,
    whereby a ligand must bind to a receptor to trigger vesicle
    fusion and protein secretion.
    The vesicular transport model
    This model is based on the idea that vesicles bud off and fuse to cisternae
    membranes, thus moving molecules from one cisterna to the next; budding
    vesicles can also be used to transport molecules back to the endoplasmic
    reticulum.
    A vital element of this model is that the cisternae themselves are stationary. In
    contrast, the cisternal maturation model depicts the Golgi apparatus as a far
    more dynamic organelle than does the vesicular transport model.
    The cisternal maturation model indicates that cis cisternae move forward
    and mature into trans cisternae, with new cis cisternae forming from the fusion
    of vesicles at the cis face. In this model, vesicles are formed but are used only
    to transport molecules back to the endoplasmic reticulum.
    Other examples of models to explain protein and lipid movement through the
    Golgi apparatus include the rapid partitioning model, in which the Golgi
    apparatus is viewed as being divided into separately functioning
    compartments (e.g., processing versus exporting regions), and the stable
    compartments as cisternal progenitors model, in which compartments within
    the Golgi apparatus are considered to be defined by Rab proteins.
    • The Golgi apparatus was observed in 1897 by Italian
    cytologist Camillo Golgi.
    • In Golgi’s early studies of nervous tissue, he had established a
    staining technique that he referred to as reazione nera,
    meaning “black reaction”; today it is known as the Golgi stain.
    • In this technique nervous tissue is fixed with potassium
    dichromate and then suffused with silver nitrate. While
    examining neurons that Golgi stained using his black reaction,
    he identified an “internal reticular apparatus.”
    • This structure became known as the Golgi apparatus, though
    some scientists questioned whether the structure was real and
    attributed the find to free-floating particles of Golgi’s metal
    stain. In the 1950s, however, when the electron microscope
    came into use, the existence of the Golgi apparatus was
    confirmed.
    Camillo Golgi, 1906.Courtesy of the Wellcome Trustees, London
    The Function of Golgi Apparatus
    • The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process macromolecules
    like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
    • The Golgi apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office
    inside the cell since one major function is to modify, sort, and
    package proteins to be secreted.
    • The Golgi apparatus is made up of sacs called cisternae.
    Usually five to eight cisternae are present in one Golgi
    apparatus, but as high a number as sixty cisternae have been
    observed by scientists.
    • These bundles of sacs have five distinct and functional
    regions, and each region has different enzymes to help it
    modify the contents, depending on where they are to end up.
    • This organelle is also important in other ways, specifically in
    the transport of lipids throughout the cell and the creation of
    lysosomes.
    • The Golgi complex works closely with the rough ER. When
    the ER makes a protein, a transition vesicle is also made. It
    drifts through the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus where it
    gets absorbed. After the Golgi works on the molecules inside,
    it secretes a vesicle into the cytoplasm which releases the
    protein molecule out of the cell.

    You might also like