FIRING AND COUNTER IRRITANTS USED IN VETERINARY
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FIRING AND COUNTER IRRITANTS USED IN VETERINARY
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FIRING AND COUNTER IRRITANTS USED IN VETERINARY
- 2. FIRING AND COUNTER IRRITANTS USED
- 3. Contents ⢠firing ⢠types of firing ⢠uses of firing ⢠welfare significance ⢠counter irritants used ⢠mechanism of counterirritant ⢠classification
- 4. FIRING ⢠Firing (also known as thermocautery) is the practice of burning or branding the skin with red hot irons or wires. OR ⢠Application of heat to the body in order to convert the chronic inflammation into acute one in cases in which other treatment fails. ⢠It is a form of counter irritation and is performed with red hot iron under local anesthesia.
- 5. ⢠Firing marks can be seen as lines, dots or patterns. They are commonly found on the limbs, but can be located anywhere on the body including on the face/head, neck, shoulders and/ or hind-quarters. ⢠In case of Firing of the palate (roof of the mouth) ,is carried out to treat âlampasâ (swelling of the hard palate due to eruption of incisors).
- 7. Indications 1. Soft tissue damage around joints ,tendon and ligaments 2. Carpitis popped knee especially if there is no periosteal new bone growth 3. Chronic arthritis 4. Tendonitis and tendosynoitis 5. Sesamoiditis ,bone spavin or splints
- 8. Contraindications 1. Near open wound, area of dermatitis or infection 2. Acute inflammation 3. Healthy tissue 4. Flexor surface of joint 5. Young or emaciated animals 6. Active new bone growths
- 9. TYPES OF FIRING 1. Objective Firing Without touching the surface the heat source ( red hot iron) is kept near to the site of inflammation. 2. Bar firing/ Superficial point Firing Rows made by the application of hot iron over the site of inflammation
- 10. Bar firing
- 11. 3.Line Firing ⢠It can be use as transverse , oblique or tree manner ⢠It shouldnât penetrate skin ⢠It can be used over volar surface of tendon or the long axis of stifle joint ⢠The edge of the instrument shouldnât be more than 3mm wide ⢠Its not recommended and doesnât cause any more irritation than blistering.
- 12. 4. Pin firing/ Needle point Firing. ⢠Most commly performed in horses and specially racehorses ⢠Used for the treatment of injury to horse leg ⢠Special type of needle is used which is heated and inserted deeper into the tissues to reach tendon and ligaments. ⢠It is used for the treatment of affections like splint , bucked shins. ⢠Note = Before application of heat give local anesthetics or pain killers.
- 14. Uses of Firing 1. Attempt to prevent or treat injuries. 2. Decoration of the animal. In some cultures, firing is used to create patterns on the skin or the equines or other animals (sometimes humans). 3.Identification purposes. Equids may be branded in order to signify ownership or differentiate from others.
- 15. 4. Lack of access to veterinary facilities and treatments. Where veterinary services are scarce, under-resourced or unaffordable, owners are more likely to use local healers or traditional remedial practices. Complications of Firing 1.Firing is an extremely painful and traumatic procedure and will cause a great deal of distress to the animal.
- 16. 2. Fear responses and escape attempts during and after the procedure can make the animalâs behaviour unpredictable, which is potentially dangerous for handlers. 3. The process has been found to cause pain and stress for at least 24 hours after the procedure. 4. When animals are subjected to repeated firing, the trauma can lead to a state of depression. 5. Firing causes thinning of skin resulting in poor healing and skin damage
- 19. COUNTER IRRITANT ⢠A counterirritant is a substance which creates irritation or mild inflammation in one location with the aim of relieve irritation in another location. ⢠Capsaicin, menthol (mint oil), methyl salicylate, and camphor etc are examples of counterirritants.
- 20. GENERAL MECHANISM ⢠Infection/irritation is there,so when preparation used topically increases blood supply to the area by dilating the vessels. ⢠when blood supply increaes so there will be increase macrophages and lymophocytes ⢠so they will convert the chronic inflammation to acute one.
- 22. How do they work? ⢠Counterirritants work by chemically stimulating (irritating) sensory receptors in the skin, especially those associated with thermal sensations. The irritation of receptors in the skin may also inhibit pain signals reported from the nociceptors (pain receptors), thereby blocking pain sensations sent to the brain. ⢠This process isknown as ''Gate control'' was first described by Melzak & Wall.
- 23. open gate closed gate
- 24. Synthetic counter irritants 1. Rubefacient â˘They increase circulation leading to redness and mild heat, and it should be repeated once or twice daily as it has temporary relief. ⢠It has many terms like 1. Iodine ointment 2. Ichthyol ointment 3. Liniments 4. Tightener 5. Brace 6. sweat
- 25. ⢠Capsaicin ⢠Capsaicin (Zostrix) is an alkaloid extract derived from hot chili peppers that is available as both a cream and a lotion in strengths of 0.025% and 0.075%. ⢠When used therapeutically for pain relief, capsaicin is usually applied topically as a gel with a capsaicin concentration ranging from 2.5% to 8%. ⢠Side Effects of Capsaicin ⢠Redness and swelling. ⢠Soreness. ⢠Dryness. ⢠Burning and itching. ⢠Pain
- 26. Camphor ⢠Camphor is a terpene (organic compound) that is commonly used in creams, ointments, and lotions. ⢠Camphor has a wide variety of topical uses due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be used to treat skin conditions, improve respiratory function, relieve pain,achne and hair loss. ⢠Disadvantage ⢠itching ⢠redness
- 27. ⢠Note: Camphor should never be ingesting internally as this can cause serious side effects and even death. Signs of camphor toxicity appear within 5 to 90 minutes of ingestion. Symptoms include burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, and vomiting. ⢠Taking camphor internally is thought to cause liver damage. Donât use camphor if you have any medical conditions affecting your liver. You also shouldnât take camphor if you have asthma or epilepsy.
- 28. Methyl salicylate ⢠Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil). It is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet odor. It is produced by many species of plants, particularly wintergreens. ⢠Uses ⢠In high concentrations as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating to treat joint and muscular pain. ⢠In low concentrations (0.04% and under) as a flavoring agent in chewing gum and mints. ⢠providing fragrance to various products
- 29. ⢠Disadvantages ⢠fatigue ⢠nausea ⢠hallucination ⢠dizzines ⢠vomiting ⢠difficulty in breathing
- 30. 2. Blisters & vesicants ⢠It is used to sub acute and chronic inflammation to produce blistering and inflammation down sub cut tissues . ⢠Generally it is ineffective painful method ,especially for bone conditions like exostosis. A.Red iodide of mercury and cantharides.
- 31. 3.Pustulants. ⢠Seton in the form of gauze impregnated in turpentine oil and inserted subcutaneously from one opening to a ventral one ⢠And should be kept in situ for 14 days.