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Actinobacillosis
- 1. Actinobacillosis Hafeez ullah khan 11-arid-983 Ayesha Azad 11-arid-985
- 3. Epidemiology ā¢ Distribution: The disease in cattle is worldwide in distribution and usually of sporadic occurrence on individual farms and reported in Egypt. ā¢ Areas with copper deficiency ā¢ Animal susceptibility: Cattle, buffaloes (mature and of dairy breed are more susceptible), sheep and goats. ā¢ Predisposing factors : Oral mucosa injuries by fibrous feed materials or by foreign bodies and during oral manipulation by hand of owner or veterinarian
- 4. Mode of infection ļ¼Source of infection: Pus or infected discharges are the main source of infection. ļ¼Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food and water with the presence of oral mucosa injury (wounds or abrasions). ļ§ A. lignieresii normal rumen inhabitant of sheep and cattle. ļ§ It survives 4 to 5 days in forage
- 5. Cattle Acute inflammatory reaction in the tongue and the subsequent development of granulomatous lesions in which necrosis and suppuration occur, often with the discharge of pus to the exterior. Spread to regional lymph nodes is usual. Lingual involvement causes interference with prehension and mastication Sheep Suppurative infection around head, neck, skin, rumen, lung, mammary gland and tongue involvement is not typical. Pathogenesis
- 6. Clinical signs ā¢ Glossal actinobacillosis ā¢ The characteristic lesion is a granuloma of the tongue, with discharge of pus. ā¢ Inability to eat or drink for several days ā¢ Drooling saliva ā¢ Painful and swollen tongue ā¢ Nodules and ulcers on the tongue ā¢ In later stages when the acute inflammation is replaced by fibrous tissue, the tongue becomes shrunken and immobile and there is considerable interference with prehension.
- 7. Contiā¦. ā¢ Cutaneous actinobacillosis is also recorded with actinobacillosis granulomas occurring on atypical but visible areas such as the external nares, cheeks, skin or eyelid, and hind limbs. ā¢ In sheep, Tongue is not usually involved. lesion up to 8 cm in diameter present on lower jaw, face, nose, in the skin folds from lower jaw to sternum, these lesions are superficial or deep, usually extended to cranial or cervical lymph nodes, it discharge viscid yellow green pus containing granules through number of openings.
- 10. Post-mortem findings ā¢ Granulomatous lesions containing pus in mouth ā¢ Abscesses may be found in local lymph nodes. ā¢ Hardening of the tongue
- 11. Diagnosis ā¢ Field diagnosis: It depends on clinical signs of disease as fever, tongue protrusion, salivation and history of feeding on hard food objects beside the epidemiology of the disease. ā¢ Laboratory diagnosis: ā¢ Samples: Pus, smear or biopsy from the lesion, parts of lesion on ice or formalin, blood and serum. ā¢ Laboratory procedures: ā Direct examination of stained smears after staining with Gram stain. ā Culture of the suspected material on blood agar. ā Histopathological findings. ā Serotests.
- 12. Differential diagnosis ā¢ The disease may be confused with: ļ¼Actinomycosis: It involves hard tissue and rarely soft one. ļ¼TB, especially with atypical form, differentiates on basis of tuberculin test. ļ¼Abscess of throat region, contain single cavity and discharge thin pus and readily heal after drainage
- 13. Treatment ļ¼Flushing with iodine. ļ¼Administration of potassium iodide orally (6 to 10 g a day for 10 days) ļ¼Intravenous injection of sodium iodide at 10 % (8 g for 100kg) ļ¼Streptomycin (5 g/day for 3 days) treatment of choice, Tetracylcines and tilmicosin also effective.
- 14. Control ā¢ Restriction of the spread of disease is best implemented by quick treatment of affected animals and the prevention of contamination of pasture and feed troughs. ā¢ Isolation or disposal of animals with discharging lesions is essential, although the disease does not spread readily unless predisposing environmental factors cause a high incidence of oral or skin lacerations.