Normal Flora: Microorganisms That Inhabit Healthy Humans
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Normal Flora: Microorganisms That Inhabit Healthy Humans
- 2. INTRODUCTION • THE TERM NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA DENOTES THE POPULATION OF MICROORGANISMS THAT INHABIT THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. • THE ORGANISMS ARE PRESENT IN THOSE PARTS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO OR COMMUNICATE WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. • MICROBES THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES ARE NORMALLY FOUND IN AND ON THE HUMAN BODY • VIRUSES AND PARASITES ARE NOT CONSIDERED. • IT IS MORE OR LESS COMMON IN ALL THE MAMMALIAN SPECIES. • DIVIDED INTO RESIDENTS AND TRANSIENTS.
- 3. FUNCTIONS OF RESIDENT FLORA • Maintains protected environment • Production of proteolytic enzymes • Synthesize vitamins and other biological products like biotin, riboflavin, vitamin K etc. • Colicins produced by some bacteria of normal flora prevent harmful effects of some bacteria.
- 4. Microbial flora of mouth • Among all micro-organism present in the mouth bacteria are most predominant. • These includes both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
- 5. cocci GRAM POSITIVE COCCI • Strep.mutans • Strep.sanguis • Strep.salivarius • Strep.mitior • Strep.milleri • Enterococcus sps • Peptostreptococcus aps • Micrococcus sps • Staphylococcus sps
- 6. GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI • Veillonella sps • Neisseria sps • Branhamella sps
- 7. Bacilli GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI • Lactobacillus sps • Actinomycetes sps • Propionibacterium sps • Arachnia sps • Bifidobacterium sps • Bacterionema sps • Eubacterium sps
- 8. GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI • Actinobacillus sps • Fusobacterium sps • Bacteroids sps • Capanocytophaga sps • Leptotrichina sps • Treponema sps • Haemophilus sps • Selenomonas sps • Eikenella sps • Wollinella sps
- 9. • Of all bacteria present in mouth, streptococci are predominant group. • Various species of Streptococci are encountered in mouth. • Most of these are alpha-haemolytic streptococci, collectively named as viridians streptococci
- 10. Lactobacilli are frequently found in mouth. They are imp bacteria to promote the progress of carious lesion after the initiation of dental caries by Strep mutans
- 11. • Veilonella is the most common among Gram- negative bacteria. • Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most commonly occurring Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus • Other anaerobes such as Bacteroids, Leptotrichia, Selenomonas etc have also been found to be an imp group
- 12. • Oral treponema(T.vincenti,T.denticola,T.orale) are common inhabitants of gingival crevice & sub gingival area • Due to their presence in subgingival plagues, they have been imp role in causing gingivitis and most forms of periodontitis.
- 13. Acquisition Of Normal Flora Of Mouth • The mouth of newborn at birth is usually microbiologically sterile. • Within few hours of birth Streptococci establish themselves in the mouth.
- 14. Acquisition Of Normal Flora Of Mouth – Cont’d • Among Streptococci, Strep. salivarius is dominant at this stage. • During the first year of life other species of Streptococci,Staphylococci,Neisseriae,Veilonell a,Actinomyces,Lactobacilli and Fusobacteria also colonize.
- 15. Acquisition Of Normal Flora Of Mouth – Cont’d • With the eruption of teeth, solid surfaces in the oral cavity are available for colonization. • Strep mutans, Strep sanguis establish themselves on these hard surfaces. • Simultaneously, there is also increase in number of obligate anaerobes
- 16. RESPIRATORY TRACT • DIVIDED INTO 1.UPPER AIR WAYS (NARES AND NASOPHARYNX) 2.MIDDLE AIRWAYS ( OROPHARYNX AND TONSILS) 3.LOWER AIRWAYS ( TRACHEA, LARYNX, BRONCHI AND LUNGS)
- 17. NARES AND NASOPHARYNX • NARES ARE INHIBITED BY 1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPS 2. CORYNEBACTERIUM SPS 3. PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS SPS 4. FUSOBACTERIUM SPS • NASOPHARYNX, PREDOMINANCE OF 1. STREPTOCOCCI SPS STREPTOCOCCUS SALIVARIUS STREPTOCOCCUS PARASANGUIS STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE 2. NEISSERIA SPS 3. GRAM-VE COCCOBACILLI N. MENINGITIDIS i) MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS N. SUBFLAVA ii) KINGELLA SPS N. SICCA 4. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE N.MUCOSA (UNCAPSULATED STRAINS) N. LACTAMIA
- 18. OROPHARYNX AND TONSILS • ANAEROBES > AEROBES (100:1) • PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS SPP • VEILLONELLA • ACTINOMYCES • FUSOBACTERIUM • STREPTOCOCCUS • NEISSERIA • STOMATOCOCCUS MUCILAGINOSUS • GEMELLA SPECIES
- 19. TRACHEA, LARYNX, BRONCHI & LUNGS • TRANSIENT COLONIZATION • LONG TERM COLONOZATION OCCUR WHEN CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE DAMAGED OR ALTERED IN DISEASE PROCESS
- 20. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT • DIVIDED INTO 1. ESOPHAGUS 2. STOMACH 3. JEJUNUM & UPPER ILEUM 4. DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE 5. LARGE INTESTINE
- 21. ESOPHAGUS • TRANSTIENT COLONIZATION BY OROPHARYNGEAL BACTERIA AND YEAST IS KNOWN TO OCCUR.
- 22. STOMACH • HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND PEPSINOGEN • VERY SPARSE MICROBIAL FLORA • LACTOBACILLUS SPP • STREPTOCOCCUS SPP • HELICOBACTER PYROLI
- 23. JEJUNUM AND UPPER ILEUM • PREDOMINANTLY ANAEROBIC • LACTOBACILLUS • PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS • STREPTOCOCCUS • PORPHYROMONAS • PREVOTELLA
- 24. DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE • SPARSE AMOUT OF ACID-TOLERANT BACTERIA • PREDOMINANCE OF ANAEROBES
- 25. LARGE INTESTINE • ANAEROBIC > AEROBIC • BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPS • BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS • EUBACTERIUM SPP • ENTEROCOCCUS SPP • E COLI • STREPTOCOCCUS SPP • ACTINOMYCES • PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS • FUSOBACTERIUM • PORPHYROMONAS • PREVOTELLA • CANDIDA AND PROTOZOA
- 26. GENITOURINARY TRACT • EXCEPT FEMALE URETHRA AND VAGINA THE GUT IS GENERALLY STERILE • LACTOBACILLI • STREPTOCOCCAL SPECIES • BIFIDOBACTERIUM • PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS • PORPHYROMONAS • PREVOTELLA • ACTINOMYCES • STAPHYLOCOCCUS • STREPTOCOCCUS • CORYNEBACTERIUM • GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS • NEISSERIA • HAEMOPHILUS • TREPONEMA
- 27. BODY SURFACE • HIGHER DENSITIES OF MICROBES IN MOIST AREA • ANAEROBIC > AEROBIC • GRAM +VE > GRAM –VE • STAPHYLOCOCCUS • MICROCOCCUS • CORYNEBACTERIUM • PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS • PROPIONIBACTERIUM
- 28. CONJUNCTIVA • FLUSHING ACTION AND LYSOZYMES IN TEARS MAKE THE CONJUCTIVA FREE OF BACTERIA • C. XEROSIS • MORAXELLA SPP • S. AUREUS • NON HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
- 29. THANK YOU