Abstract
Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae), with over 800 species, is a mega-diverse genus which presents considerable taxonomic challenges due to its size. A well-sampled phylogeny of the genus across Southeast Asia has confirmed that all but one of the sections within Clarke’s 1883 genus-wide infrageneric classification are polyphyletic. It also shows that there are high levels of homoplasy in key morphological characters, although it is possible to use morphological characters to define clades in parts of the phylogenetic tree. There is some geographic structure in the phylogeny, but there is also evidence of dispersal between islands. A practical approach for tackling the taxonomy of Cyrtandra in the region, through phylogenetically informed taxonomic revisions of geographic areas, an approach which combines evidence from molecular, morphological and distribution data, is discussed. Completing our understanding of species diversity and delimitation in this genus will allow us to maximise the use of Cyrtandra as a tool for studying biogeography, speciation, diversification and conservation prioritisation in the rainforests of Southeast Asia.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge financial support for this research from the Edinburgh Botanic Garden (Sibbald) Trust, the Elvin McDonald Research Endowment Fund (The Gesneriad Society) and the People’s Postcode Lottery. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is supported by the Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS) of the Scottish Government. Funding for fieldwork was provided by the RBGE Travel Fund, the James & Eve Bennett Trust, the Royal Horticultural Society and Davis Expedition Fund. KN was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18K06375. At RBGE, we would like to thank Sadie Barber and Nathan Kelso for excellent care of the Cyrtandra living collections over many years. We thank Michelle Hart, Laura Forrest and Ruth Hollands for expert advice in the molecular laboratories at RBGE. We would like to thank the following for allowing us to include their photographs or illustrations: Randi Agusti, Wisnu Ardi, Sadie Barber, Claire Banks, Steve Scott and Walter Suarez and the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh for the permission to reproduce illustrations previously included in the Edinburgh Journal of Botany.
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Online resource 1. Taxon list for samples in the current study including six outgroup species.
Online resource 2. Infrageneric system with subgenera and sections listed alphabetically based on Clarke
Online resource 3. Details of primers used for PCR and sequencing of the five gene regions for Cyrtandra.
Online resource 4. Matrix of 198 taxa and combined ITS, psbA-trnH, rpl32-trnL, trnL-F, and matK regions
Online resource 5. Character matrix used for the character optimisation in Mesquite. Species are listed alphabetically.
Online resource 6. Individual character reconstructions for characters 1–9.
Online resource 7. CI and RI scores for each of the characters included in the Character optimisation in Mesquite under the most parsimonious reconstructions shown in Online Resource 6.
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Atkins, H.J., Bramley, G.L., Nishii, K. et al. Sectional polyphyly and morphological homoplasy in Southeast Asian Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae): consequences for the taxonomy of a mega-diverse genus. Plant Syst Evol 307, 60 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-021-01784-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-021-01784-x