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The Enigma of Prodromes in Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)

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Abstract

A prodrome is a premonitory set of signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Prodromes are frequently reported by hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients, antedating attacks by a few hours or even longer. In some studies, high incidence of prodromes was reported by patients, with considerable number being able to predict oncoming attacks. Regrettably, prodromes have never received a consensual definition and have not been properly investigated in a systematic fashion. Therefore, their nature remains elusive and their contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders is uncertain. The term “prodrome,” as used in various pathologies, denotes different meanings, timing, and duration, so it may not be equally suitable for all clinical situations. Perception of a prodrome is unique for each individual patient depending on self-experience. As modern drugs delegate the administration decision to the patients, early detection of a developing attack may help mitigate its severity and allow deployment of appropriate therapy. New diagnostic instruments were recently developed that can assist in defining the attributes of prodromes and their association with attacks. We will review the prodrome phenomenon as exhibited in certain clinical situations, with an emphasis on prodromes of HAE.

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Iris Leibovich Nassi RN, PhD thesis (Tel Aviv University).

Abbreviations

AngPT:

Angiopoietin

BK:

Bradykinin

BKR:

Bradykinin receptor

C1-INH:

C1 Inhibitor

CGRP:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

C4:

Complement component 4

EM:

Erythema marginatum

FMF:

Familial Mediterranean fever

GI:

Gastrointestinal

HAE:

Hereditary angioedema

HZV:

Herpes zoster virus

KKS:

Kallikrein-kinin system

NKA:

Neurokinin A

NOS:

Nitrous oxide species

PLA:

Phospholipid A

PRO:

Patient reported outcome

SP:

Substance P

TRP:

Transient receptor potential

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Funding

ILN received educational grants from the Stanley Steyer Foundation (Tel Aviv University, Israel) and CSL-Behring (Germany).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel

    Iris Leibovich-Nassi & Avner Reshef

  2. Department of Nursing, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Iris Leibovich-Nassi

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  1. Iris Leibovich-Nassi
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  2. Avner Reshef
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Correspondence to Avner Reshef.

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Leibovich-Nassi, I., Reshef, A. The Enigma of Prodromes in Hereditary Angioedema (HAE). Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 61, 15–28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08839-4

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