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Crime and Justice in a Sacred Landscape: Vienna, 1668–1786

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Suicide by Proxy in Early Modern Germany

Part of the book series: World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence ((WHCCV))

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Abstract

Suicidal child murders happened contemporaneously to the outbreak of suicidal iconoclasm in the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Vienna, and continued for long after authorities developed the legal-theological rationale that allowed them to end executions of suicidal host desecrators and crucifix breakers. In this chapter I present the stories of some of Vienna’s child murderers, and embed them in the physical spaces in which both the murders and the subsequent executions took place. Both killers and government authorities acted within a cityscape in which the sacred topography of Baroque Catholicism and the city’s judicial infrastructure often overlapped, or even merged. These physical spaces framed and gave meaning to the ritual performances of both killers and authorities. Public executions in Vienna were imbued with Catholic ritual. Executions in early modern Europe were always dramatic spectacles. In Vienna, the tragic pomp was heightened further by the participation of the Imperial Arch-Confraternity of the Dead. This distinctive organization was created by the imperial dynasty, and presents a clear example of the melding of imperial sovereignty and salvific prowess that gave capital punishment in Vienna its distinctiveness. Criminal justice provided one more arena where Habsburg rulers put the pietas austriaca on display. These performances proved irresistibly alluring to many suicidal people in Vienna. Once again women stood out among the perpetrators of suicidal murders.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gerhard Ammerer and Friedrich Adomeit, “Armsünderblätter,” in Repräsentationen von Kriminalität und öffentlicher Sicherheit. Bilder, Vorstellungen und Diskurse vom 16. bis 20. Jahrhundert, eds. Karl Härter, Gerhard Sälter and Eva Wiebel (Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann, 2010), 276.

  2. 2.

    On the Theatrum Europaeum, see Hermann Bingel, Das “Theatrum Europaeum”, ein Beitrag zur Publizistik des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (Berlin: E. Ebering, 1909).

  3. 3.

    Wolfgang Jacob Geiger, Theatrum Europaeum, oder außführliche und warhafftige Beschreibung aller und jeder denckwürdiger Geschichten … von dem 1665sten Jahr biß in Anno 1671 … (Frankfurt a. M.: Matthäus Merian, 1677), 980.

  4. 4.

    On the psychological meaning of serial killers taking trophies, such as personal possessions or body parts, from their victims, see Ronald M. Holmes and Stephen T. Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes: An investigative Tool (Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage, 2002), 136–137.

  5. 5.

    D. Werkmüller, “Klage mit dem Toten Mann,” HDR, vol. 2, 849–851. Heinrich Brunner, “Die Klage mit dem toten Mann und die Klage mit der toten Hand,” Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 31 (1910): 235–252. In unsolved cases, victims’ hands were preserved by the court as material evidence. For an example, see https://www.landesmuseum-mv.de/exponate/stadtgeschichtliches-museum-wismar/totenhaende-leibzeichen-in-gedrechselter-holzschale-aus-st.-georgen-wismar/index.html.

  6. 6.

    Johann Constantin Feige, Wunderbarer Adlers-Schwung oder Fernere Geschichts-Fortsetzung Ortelii redivivi & continuati das ist: Beschreibung von Staatshändeln (Vienna: Leopold Voigt, 1693), 122.

  7. 7.

    Anon., Das Ehmals gedrückte/ vom Türken berückte/ nun Trefflich erquickte Königreich Hungarn/ samt dessen Ströme-Fürsten/ der Weltberühmten Donau (Frankfurt: Christoff Riegel, 1688), 263.

  8. 8.

    “Anna Wadlin Cellensis ratione sui infanticidii masculi … ante 18 annos perpetrati spontanee se ipsam in tribunali caesareo denuntiat atque in arrestum ponit, mori desiderans.” She confessed “ex desperatione ac taedio vitae.” UAW, Med 1.7, AFMV VII, f. 104r, May 12, 1692.

  9. 9.

    See Chap. 3.

  10. 10.

    See Chap. 2.

  11. 11.

    Johann Franz Maldoner, Synopsis militaris: Oder kurzer Begriff über die Kayserliche Kriegs-Articul (Nuremberg: Johann Christoph Lochner, 1724), 222.

  12. 12.

    WD, Nr. 99, 12–16 July, 1704. WD, Nr. 102, 23–25 July, 1704.

  13. 13.

    ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 2, Nr. 10, 24 July 1704, Johanna.

  14. 14.

    WD, Nr. 114, 3–6 September 1704. WD, Nr. 115, 6–10 September 1704. WD, Nr. 118, 17–20 September.

  15. 15.

    WD, Nr. 118, 17–20 September.

  16. 16.

    “Eodem wurde abermal ein Weibs-Bild …/welches ihrem Kind in den Halß geschnitten/ und umbringen wollen/ gefänglich eingezogen.” WD, Nr. 137, 24 November 1704.

  17. 17.

    WD, Nr. 118, 17 September 1704.

  18. 18.

    See Chap. 4.

  19. 19.

    ÖNB, Cod 8227, 241–249. Gustav Gugitz, Österreichs Gnadenstätten in Kult und Brauch, vol.1 (Vienna: Verlag Brüder Hollinkek, 1955), 92–95.

  20. 20.

    Giovanni Salvadori, Die Minoritenkirche und ihre Älteste Umgebung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Wiens (Vienna: Congregation der Italienischen Nationalkirche, 1895), 193. Neta Bodner, Walking to “Jerusalem” from Vienna: A Seventeenth-Century Way of the Cross (Jerusalem: Spectrum, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2013), 26.

  21. 21.

    Janet K. Page, Convent Music and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Vienna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 156. The Benedictine monk Casimir Freschot describes Hernals in his travel memoirs, published 1705: “Il y a près de l’Eglise du lieu un sepulcre bâti dans la forme, & avec les mesures de celui de nôtre Seigneur, & le chemin qui y conduit de la Ville est semé de Chapelles, où les Mysteres de la Passion sont representez. Le Peuple ne manque pas de les visiter assez souvent.” Casimir Freschot, Memoires de la cour de Vienne: contenant les remarques d’un voyageur curieux sur l’état present de cette cour, et sur ses intérêts (Cologne: Guillaume Etienne, 1705), 36.

  22. 22.

    Between 120,000 and 150,000 pilgrims took communion at Mariazell yearly during the eighteenth century. Jean Bérenger, “The Austrian Church,” in Church and Society in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century, eds. William James Callahan and David Higgs (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979), 102.

  23. 23.

    The Latin inscription accompanying the votive offering read “Votum & Quem Coelis impetratum, Coelis resitutum, Vivum sister non possunt, LEOPOLDUM FILIUM Foecunditatis primitatias in auro aequi libri reddunt CAROLUS ET ELIZABETHA AETERNUM DEVOTI. Anon., Wunderwürdiges Leben und Groß-Thaten Ihro Jetzt-Glorwürdigst-Regierenden Kayserl. und Catholischen Majestät Caroli des Sechsten (Nuremberg: Buggel und Seitz, 1721), 314–315. For context, see Franz Matsche, Die Kunst im Dienst der Staatsidee Kaiser Karls VI. Ikonographie, Ikonologie und Programmatik des “Kaiserstils,” vol. 1 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1981), 180–181. Empress Maria Theresa performed a similar, if less tragic devotion on April 20, 1757, when she made a votive offering in gold of her youngest son, Archduke Maximilian Franz (1756–1801), then four months old. Cölestin Wolfsgruber, Geschichte der Loretokapelle bei St. Augustin in Wien (Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1886), 27.

  24. 24.

    WD, Nr. 118, 17 September 1704.

  25. 25.

    Augustinus Ristl, Maria voll der Gnaden zu Hietzing, das ist, ausführlicher Bericht von dem Uralten Gottes-Haus der Regulirten Chor-Herren des H. Aug. zu Hietzing ohnweit Wienn (Vienna: Gregor Kurtzböck, 1738), 112–117. Gugitz, Österreichs Gnadenstätten, 84–86.

  26. 26.

    WD, Nr. 118, 17–20 September.

  27. 27.

    WD, Nr. 257, 19 January 1706. ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 4, Nr 22, 19 Januray 1706.

  28. 28.

    “Wie es mit Bestrafung des Kinder-Mords zu halten,” 22 March 1706, Codicis Austriaci III, 511–512. J. E. Schlager, Wiener-Skizzen aus dem Mittelater. Neue Folge (Vienna: Carl Gerold, 1842), vol. 2, 273. An example of the distribution of the edict to Lower Austrian criminal courts, see Archiv der Marktgemeinde Perchtoldsdorf, Patente, Karton 344.

  29. 29.

    On 23 August 1712. Georg Joseph Kögl von Waldinutzy, De iure civili, et criminali Austriaco-bellico tractatus practicus, vol. 1 (Preßburg: Johann Michael Landerer, 1772), 184.

  30. 30.

    Codicis Austriaci III, 512.

  31. 31.

    On the calculus of honor and infamy in criminal justice see Stuart, Defiled Trades, 121–148.

  32. 32.

    WD, Nr. 501, 22 May 1708, Eva N.

  33. 33.

    Achim Timmermann, Memory and Redemption: Public Monuments and the Making of the Late Medieval Landscape (Turnout: Brepols, 2017), 51–54, 64–68. Walter Sturm, “… außer der Linie” Favoriten am Wienerberg: Beiträge zur Topographie und Siedlungsgeschichte im Raum des heutigen Wiener Gemeindebezirks Favoriten,” Favoritner Museumsblätter 30 (2004).

  34. 34.

    As pilgrims knelt before the crucifix at the Hernals Mount Calvary they could see the gallows and Spinnerin am Kreuz on the horizon. “Prospekt des Calvari Bergs zu Hernals,” engraving by Georg Daniel Heumann after Salomon Kleiner, in Salomon Kleiner, Vera Et Accurata Delineatio Omnium Templorum et Coenobiorum Quae tam in Caesarea Urbe ac Sede Vienna Austriae, quam in circumjacentibus Suburbys ejus reperiuntur, vol. 1 (Augsburg: Johann Andreas Pfeffel, 1724), plate 67. In high resolution here: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5j99022h?urlappend=%3Bseq=67.

  35. 35.

    WD, Nr. 501, 19–22 May, 1708, for Tuesday, 22 May 1708, Eva N.

  36. 36.

    A report on execution of the child murder Anna Margaretha H., beheaded at the Wheel Cross in 1732, indicates that this was the standard practice for criminals executed at this location. WD, 25 October 1732, Nr. 86, 24 October 1732, Anna Margaretha H.

  37. 37.

    Anton Lang, “Hochgericht und Räderkreuz: Die Hinrichtungsstätten am Wienerberg,” Favoritner Museumsblätter 28 (2002): 48.

  38. 38.

    WD, Nr. 516, 11 July 1708, Rosalia N.

  39. 39.

    WD, Nr. 621, 16 July 1709, Catharina N.

  40. 40.

    Lyndal Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe (London: Routledge, 1994), 199–225. Lyndal Roper, Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 65.

  41. 41.

    WD, Nr. 621, 16 July 1709, Catharina N.

  42. 42.

    Eva Maria N., a thirty-four-year-old married woman, executed 28 March 1713, for cutting her child’s throat. WD, Nr. 1007. Theresa N., a twenty-year-old single woman, flogged and banished, 26 May 1713, for attempting to cut her little sister’s throat. WD, Nr. 1024. Maria Catherina N., thirty-six, executed June 2, 1713, for cutting the throat of her two children. WD, Nr. 1026. The two versions of the Protocol of the Confraternity of the Dead give her name either as Peidlerin, ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 7, Nr. 50, June 2, 1713, or as Pfladlerin, WB, Handschriften Lb 18013, f. 11. Nr. 55, June 2, 1713. Eva Maria Walnerin, twenty-four or twenty-five, executed 23 November 1714, for cutting the throat of a seven-month-old baby boy. WD, Nr. 1180. The entry in the Protocol of the Confraternity of the Dead identifies her as Eva Maria Walnerin. ÖNB Cod 8363, p. 7, N. 56, 23 November 1714. Maria Eleonora N., eighteen, executed 16 June 1716, for cutting the throat of the five-year-old daughter of a city guard. WD, Nr. 1343. Anna Maria Spenigen, an unmarried woman, who cut the throat of an unknown little boy, examined by medical faculty on 13 May 1719. UAW, Med.1.8, f. 417v. Anna Maria N. from Moravia//., around thirty, executed 11 June 1720 for cutting the throat of a four-year-old child “with a knife she had sharpened specifically for that purpose.” WD, Nr. 1759.

  43. 43.

    WD, Nr. 71, September 4, 1723. ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 10, Nr. 86, September 2, 1723, “ein Statt Guardi Soldat.” On Flor, see Flohr, in Zedler’s Universal-Lexikon, vol. 9, 1269–70.

  44. 44.

    Catherina Pumin, who murdered a child on 13 October 1723, and “desired death,” was diagnosed with hypochondriacal melancholy. UAW, Med 1.8, fol. 459r. Catherina Franckin attempted to kill a child, found non compos mentis, 21 April 1725. UAW, Med 1.8, fol. 471r–471v. Maria Magdalena Nastlin, beheaded for breach of Urfehde 28 March 1732, had previously attempted to cut the throat of a three-month-old baby in Vienna’s house of correction. WD, Nr. 26, 29 March 1732. Anna Margaretha H., a servant woman, around thirty, cut the throat of her employer’s two-year-old daughter on 30 September 1732, beheaded at the Wheel Cross after the severing of her hand on 24 October 1732. WD, Nr. 86, 25 Oct. 1732. Margaretha Dessingerin, twenty-four, married, beheaded after severing of her hand, March 5, 1738, for cutting the throat of her one-year-old goddaughter. Das Von Sünden und Lastern abhaltende Beyspiel, bestehend in einer Todtes-Straff, Welche vollzogen wird heute Mittwoch den 5. Martij 1738. an einer verheyrathen Weibs-Persohn, Nahmens Margaretha D. (Vienna: Johann Baptist Schilgen, 1738). The Protocol of the Arch-Confraternity of the Dead gives her name as Margaretha Dessingerin. ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 13, Nr. 110. March 2, 1738 [sic].

  45. 45.

    The Wiennerisches Diarium explained Johann K’s motive. He killed the priest “um solch seiner 6.jährigen Straf-Zeit zu entgehen.” WD, Nr. 90, 11 November 1739, p. 983.

  46. 46.

    Anon., Wohl-verdientes Todtes-Urtheil Einer ledigen Manns-Persohn Nahmens Johann K, Catholischer Religion, und 22 Jhar alt, von hier gebürtig (Vienna: Johann Baptist Schilgen, [1739]).

  47. 47.

    1744, Catharina Hallenstettin. Wohl-verdientes Todtes-Urtheil, Einer Ledigen Weibs-Persohn, Nahmens Catharina H.: Welche … den 11. September 1744 …, durch das Schwerd samt Kopf- und Hand-Abschlagung hingerichtet wird (Vienna: Maria Eva Schilgen, 1744). 1749, Dorothea Hermlohrin. Wohl-verdientes Todtes-Urtheil, So … den 29. Julij An. 1749 an … Dorothea H: … vollzogen wurde (Vienna: Maria Eva Schilgen, [1749]). 1756, Joseph Gött. Todes-Urtheil Einer verheyrateten Manns-person, Namens: Joseph G: …; Welches … den 11. September 1756. alhier in Wien vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1756). 1759, Clara K. Todtes-Urtheil Einer ledigen Weibs-person, Namens: Clara K …: Welches … den 24. November 1759. alhier vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1759). 1760, Maria Anna Gritschin. Wolverdientes Todes-Urtheil Einer ledigen Weibs-person, Namens: Maria Anna G: …; Welches … den 27. Junii 1760 … in Wien vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1760). 1760, Regina Glanzin. Todes-Urtheil Einer ledigen Weibs-Person, Namens Regina G …: Welches … den 24. October 1760, … in Wien vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1760). 1760, Anna Maria Bäuerin. Wol-verdientes Todes-Urtheil Einer ledigen Weibs-Person, Namens: Anna Maria: …; Welches … heute den 31. Octob. 1760 … in Wien vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1760). 1764, Anna Maria Neumayrin. Todes-Urtheil, einer verwittibten Weibs-person Namens: Maria Anna N: …; Welches … den 31. Augusti 1764 … in Wien vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s.n., 1760). 1767, Elizabeth Wurmin. Todes-Urtheil Einer verheuratheten Weibs-person, Namens: Elisabeth W …: Welches … den 30sten Jänner 1767 … vollzogen wird ([Vienna]: s. n., 1767).

  48. 48.

    Her execution pamphlet does not provide the date when she turned herself in. However, at the time of her execution in February 1769, a newspaper reported that the trial had lasted two years. Bayreuther Zeitung, Num. 24, 25 February 1769.

  49. 49.

    Anon., Todesurtheil einer ledigen Weibsperson, Namens Catharina J … Welches … den 10. Februarii 1769. allhier in Wien vollzogen worden ([Vienna], [s.n.], 1769). Her execution pamphlet identifies her only as Catharina J. Two execution chronicles identify her as Catharina Jacobeckin or Catharina Jacobin. WB, Handschriften, Lb 18013, f. 81–88, 16 February 1769, Catharina Jacobeckin. WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116, f. 9r–9v, 16 February 1769, Catharina Jacobin.

  50. 50.

    For example, the self-accusations of Anna Wadlin Cellensis in 1692 discussed above, and Maria Anna N., May 2, 1710, WD, Nr. 704. See also this discussion of standards of proof in Chap. 2.

  51. 51.

    Anon., Todesurtheil … Catharina J ….

  52. 52.

    “in ihrer selbest eygener vernünfftigen Geständnus sagete sie wenn sie nur ein Künde zu sehen bekam und die Gelegenheit gefunden selbes gleich umgebracht hatte, weilen sie … Künds Blueth begierig ware.” WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116, “Relationen über Hinrichtungen,” ff. 9r–9v, 16 February 1769, Catharina Jacobin.

  53. 53.

    WB, Handschriften, Lb 18013, ff. 81–88, 16 February 1769, Catharina Jacobeckin,

  54. 54.

    The outcome of that case is unknown. WD, Nr. 32, 21 April 1773.

  55. 55.

    She accused herelf of killing four children. Only two murders could be proven. The journalist Josef Pfundheller published an account of Adelheid Zieglerin’s case, entitled “A Swabian Medea,” in his multivolume collection of true crime stories. He includes excerpts of trial records that have since been lost. His excerpts of the few records that have survived are accurate, an indication that his account of the case is reliable. Josef Pfundheller, Die schwarze Bibliothek. Eine Sammlung interessanter Criminalgeschichten. Neue Folge, vol. 1 (Vienna: Im Selbstverlag, 1664), 537–623. Surviving archival sources on Zieglerin’s trials are WStLA, Handschriften A 20-1, p. 10; December 5, 1783 (562), p. 16; December 20, 1783 (765), p. 28; January 13, 1784 (247), p. 29; January 13, 1784 (249), p. 29; January 14, 1784 (278), p. 32; January 26, 1784 (539), p. 36; February 25, 1784 (1256), p. 115; April 24, 1786 (3028), p. 120; May 30, 1786 (4024). See also Friedrich Hartl, Das Wiener Kriminalgericht. Strafrechtspflege vom Zeitalter der Aufklärung bis zur österreichischen Revolution (Vienna: Böhlau, 1973), 317.

  56. 56.

    For example, in Hamburg, the tailor’s wife in 1686, or Catharina Maria Keonig in 1809. Chap. 4.

  57. 57.

    “ex capite variorum infanticidorum et iterati propricidii.” WStLA, Handschriften A 20-1, pp. 28–29, 13 January 1784 (247); 13 January 1784 (249); 14 January 1784 (278).

  58. 58.

    Karl Weiß, Geschichte der öffentlichen Anstalten, Fonde und Stiftungen für die Armenversorgung in Wien (Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1867), 176.

  59. 59.

    See Chap. 5, pp.

  60. 60.

    Pfundheller, “Medea,” 593–594. WStLA, Handschriften A 20-1, pp. 118–120, 24 April 1786 (3028); 30 May 1786 (4024).

  61. 61.

    Pfundheller, “Medea,” 612, 622.

  62. 62.

    The execution chronicles of the Confraternity of the Dead only recorded eexecutions of offenders who received a Christian burial. Executions at the Wheel Cross or gallows on the Vienna Mountain have left few sources. The Wiennerisches Diarium is available online at the ÖNB: http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz. Missing years at the ÖNB, and can be viewed online at the Center for Research Libraries: https://dds.crl.edu/crldelivery/17908. Susanne Hehenberger of the Institut für Geschichte at the University of Vienna has compiled a database on crime reporting in the Wiennerisches Diarium, an indispensable resource for criminal justice history in Vienna: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/susanne.hehenberger/kriminaldatenbank/. The Wien Bibliothek owns a collection of printed execution notices: http://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/nav/classification/466442?s=date.

  63. 63.

    Karl Gutkas, “Die österreichischen Länder im Zeitalter des Hochbarocks,” in Prinz Eugen und das barocke Österreich, ed. Karl Gutkas (Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1985), 167–178, p. 167.

  64. 64.

    Wien Wiki Geschichte: Bevölkerung. https://www.wien.gv.at/wiki/index.php?title=Bev%C3%B6lkerung.

  65. 65.

    http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/women-and-death-penalty.

  66. 66.

    Cases of suicidal iconoclasm that did not end in execution are not counted here.

  67. 67.

    WD, Nr. 244, 2–4 December 1705.

  68. 68.

    WD, Nr. 246, 9–11 December 1705.

  69. 69.

    WD, Nr. 257, 16–19 January 1706. ÖNB, Cod 8353, p. 4, Nr. 22, 1706 a 19. Januarius. WB, Handschriften Lb 18013, f. 5, Nr. 23, Ano 1706, January 19.

  70. 70.

    WD, Nr. 357, 1–4 January 1707. WB, Handschrift Lb 18013, f. 6, Nr. 26, January 4, 1707.

  71. 71.

    Helena. WD, Nr. 257, 16–19 January 1706. Maria. ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 1, Nr. 6, June 28, 1703. Catherina. ÖNB, Cod 8363, p. 5, Nr. 26, April 20, 1707. Eva N, May 22, 1708. WD, Nr. 501, May 22, 1708. Apollonia. WD, Nr. 584, March 6, 1709. Anna Maria N. WD, Nr. 612, June 14, 1709. Maria Magdalnea N. WD, Nr. 703, April 29, 1710. Anna Maria N. WD, Nr. 738, 29 August 1710. Elisabeth N. WD, Nr. 798, 27 March 1711. Catharina P. WD, Nr. 2, January 3, 1726. Maria Elizabetha N. WD, Nr. 84, 18 October 1726. On June 6, 1727, Anna Maria E. WD, Nr. 46, June 6, 1727. On October 18, 1750, Anna Maria Eker. WD, Nr. 66, 19 August 1750.

  72. 72.

    https://homepage.univie.ac.at/susanne.hehenberger/kriminaldatenbank/ for the year 1726.

  73. 73.

    Bernhard Duhr S.J., Geschichte der Jesuiten in den Ländern deutscher Zunge, vol. 1 (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herderische Verlagshandlung, 1907), 72–73, 45–47.

  74. 74.

    Duhr, Jesuiten, vol. 1, 516–517.

  75. 75.

    Claudia Resch, “Die Totenbruderschaft von St. Augustin und ihre Totenkapelle(n)—geziert, gemalt und gedruckt für die Ewigkeit …,” in Bruderschaften als multifunktionale Dienstleister der Frühen Neuzeit in Zentraleuropa, eds. Elisabeth Lobenwein, Martin Scheutz and Alfred Stefan Weiß (Vienna: Böhlau, 2018), 373–393. Claudia Resch, “Die kaiserlich-königliche Totenbruderschaft in Wien. ‘Bündnuß und höchst Lob-würdige Alliantz’ zum Heil der Seelen …,” in Bündnisse. Politische, Soziale und Intellektuelle Allianzen im Jahrhundert der Aufklärung, eds. Franz M. Eybl, Daniel Fulda, and Johannes Süssmann (Vienna: Böhlau, 2019), 183–194. Claudia Resch is directing a project for the Austrian Center for Digital Humanities to digitize early prints associated with the Confraternity of the Dead: “ÖAW: Confraternity Prints Digital”: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/acdh/projects/completed-projects/confraternity-prints-digital, as well as the writings of one of the confraternity’s most famous members, the grandiloquent preacher Abraham a Sancta Clara. “ÖAW: Austrian Baroque Corpus (ABaC:us)”: https://acdh.oeaw.ac.at/abacus/.

  76. 76.

    Adriano Prosperi, “Consolation or Condemnation: The Debates on Withholding the Sacraments from Prisoners,” in The Art of Executing Well. Rituals of Execution in Renaissance Italy, ed. Nicholas Terpstra (Kirksville, MI: Truman State University Press, 2008), 102.

  77. 77.

    Konrad Eisenbichler, “Lorenzo de’ Medici and the Confraternity of the Blacks in Florence,” Fides et Historia 26 (1994): 85–98, p. 89.

  78. 78.

    Alessandro Agri, La Giustizia Criminale a Mantova in Età Asburgica: Il Supremo Consiglio di Giustizia (1750–1786), vol. 1 (Rome: Historia et Ius, 2019), 145–146.

  79. 79.

    Prosperi, “Consolatio,” 102.

  80. 80.

    A unique feature of Italian Companies of Justice was that in addition to burial, lay brothers also provided most spiritual care for the condemned, a task that elsewhere in Europe was performed by clergy. Nicholas Terpstra, “Introduction: The Other Side of the Scaffold,” in The Art of Executing Well, 1. Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., Pictures and Punishment: Art and Criminal Prosecution during the Florentine Renaissance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), 165–179.

  81. 81.

    Anon., Hoch-feyerliches Saeculum oder erstes Jahr-Hundert Einer Hochlöblichen … Todten-Bruderschafft bey denen PP. Augustinern Baarfüssern … (Vienna: Maria Theresia Voigt, 1738), unpaginated.

  82. 82.

    Urban VIII’s papal bull states that it was issued in response to a petition by Eleonora. The text of the bull and the incorporation of the Viennese confraternity into the Roman confraternity is included in Anon., Regulen und andächtige Ubungen/ Der in der Statt Wienn … /erhöbter … Löbl. Bruderschafft (Vienna: Matthäus Cosmerovius, 1650), 1–20. On the idea of alliance, see Resch, “Kaiserlich-königliche Totenbruderschaft,” 188.

  83. 83.

    Anon., Hoch-feyerliches Saeculum, unpaginated.

  84. 84.

    On artisans and merchants among the members, Resch, “Kaiserlich-königliche Totenbruderschaft,” 189. On aristocratic office holders, Anon., Origo, Progressus, Et Memorabilia Ecclesiæ Cæsareæ S. P. Augustini Viennæ (Vienna: Johannes Baptist Schilgen, [1730]), 45–48.

  85. 85.

    Wolfsgruber, Loretokapelle, 73.

  86. 86.

    ÖNB, Cod. 8227, p. 1115. The close proximity of the Chapel of the Dead, a side chapel to the right of the nave, and the Loreto Chapel, is shown on a city map from 1710, reproduced in Günther Buchinger und Doris Schön, “‘… jene, die ihre hände hilfreich zum bau erheben …’: Zur zeitlichen Konkordanz von Weihe und Bauvollendung am Beispiel der Wiener Augustinerkirche und Georgskapelle,” RIHA Journal 20 (2011). https://doi.org/10.11588/riha.2011.0.69099, Image 19.

  87. 87.

    This description of artwork in the chapel draws on Johannis Matthias Testarello della Massa, a cathedral canon at St. Stephen’s, who discusses the confraternity and its chapel in his late seventeenth-century history of Viennese churches. ÖNB, Cod 8227, 1121–1122. These frescoes and paintings were destroyed by the renovation of the Augustinian Church ordered by Joseph II in 1784. A fresco of a skeleton with a scythe at the entrance of the chapel survived only because it was hidden beneath paint at the time of the Josephine renovations. A photo is included in Resch, “Totenbruderschaft von St. Augustin,” 391.

  88. 88.

    Anon., Hochfeyerliche Begängnuß, unpaginated.

  89. 89.

    Anon., Hochfeyerliche Begängnuß, unpaginated.

  90. 90.

    Rohling, “Exequial and Votive Practices,” 265–278. Harald Johannes Mann, “Die Barocken Totenbruderschaften,” Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte 39 (1976): 132.

  91. 91.

    A manual of the Viennese Arch-Confraternity of the Holy Trinity, published in 1705, warned “Allhier [i.e., in purgatory] leydet man mehr in einem Augenblick, als auff der Welt in tausend Jahren.” Quoted in Rohling, “Exequial and Votive Practices,” 290–291.

  92. 92.

    “Deus ab austro veniet et Sanctus de monte Pharan.” “God will come from the south, and the holy one from mount Pharan.” Vulgate Bible, Habacuc 3:3.

  93. 93.

    Vincenzo di Santa Eleonora, Probatico Piscina del Purgatorio Situata Fra li Sacri Monti Austriaci: Onde Li scaturiscono limpide acque di pie, caritatiue, e misericordiose opere, per le quali l’ afflitte anime sono refrigerate nelle loro acerbe, e crudeli pene, che patiscono (Vienna: Maria Rittia Vedova, 1638.) Vincentius de S. Eleonora, Des Fegfewers Probier Teuch So Zwischen Oesterreichischen Gebürgen liget/ Aus welchem gar klare und helle Wasser/ Gottseliger Werck der Lieb und Barmherzigkeit haraus fliessen/ dardurch die Betrübte Seelen in den Bittern und grausamen Peynen des Fegfewers gelabt und erquickt werden (Vienna: Matthäus Formica, 1638).

  94. 94.

    Guarient, Codicis Austriaci, 340.

  95. 95.

    Abraham a Sancta Clara, Lösch Wien/Das ist: Ein Bewögliche Anmahnung zu der Kays. Residentz-Statt Wienn in Oesterreich (Vienna: Peter Paul Vivian, 1680), 214, quoted in Resch, “Kaiserlich-königliche Totenbruderschaft,” 188. Resch, “Totenbruderschaft von St. Augustin,” 374.

  96. 96.

    Rupert Klieber, Bruderschaften und Liebesbünde nach Trient. Ihr Totendienst, Zuspruch und Stellenwert im kirchlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben am Beispiel Salzburg (1600–1950) (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999), 26–27. Mann, “Totenbruderschaften,” 130.

  97. 97.

    “thue ich mich befehlen jung und alt in euer Gebet, kommt zu hülf heut meiner Seelen, die hier furs G’richt Gottes geht, ich werd für euch Gott dort bitten, so viel mir wird möglich seyn.” Das von Sünden und Lastern abhaltende Beyspiele/ … Todtes-Straff/ … 5. Martii 1738 … Margaretha D. (Vienna: Johann Baptist Schilgen, [1738]).

  98. 98.

    Ernst Tomek, “Das kirchliche Leben und die christliche Charitas in Wien,” in Geschichte der Stadt Wien, ed. Alterthumsvereine zu Wien, vol. 5 (Vienna: Verlag des Altherthumsvereines zu Wien, 1914), 305.

  99. 99.

    Martin Scheutz, “Bruderschaften in Visitationsprotokollen und im Wiener Diarium.

    Quellen zu einer Geschichte der frühneuzeitlichen Bruderschaften in Österreich,” Acta historiae artis Slovenica, 23 (2018): 258.

  100. 100.

    On pastoral care to condemned criminals by Renaisance Italian confraternities, see Nicholas Terpstra, “Confraternities and Capital Punishment: Charity, Culture, and Civic Religion in the Communal and Confessional Age,” in A Companion to Medieval and Early Modern Confraternities, ed. Konrad Eisenbichler (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 215–216. Nicholas Terpstra, “Comforting by the Books: Editorial Notes on the Bolognese Comforters Manual,” in The Art of Executing Well. Rituals of Execution in Renaissance Italy, ed. Nicholas Terpstra (Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press, 2008), 183–192.

  101. 101.

    Martin von Cochem, Das Grössere Krancken-Buch/ … (Frankfurt a. M.: John Melchior Bencard, 1689). The chapter on preparing condemned criminals was entitled “Weiß und Manier/mit den Malefitz-Personen umbzugehen,” 419–454.

  102. 102.

    Franz Partinger, Praxis Fructuose … (Augsburg: Veith, 1723).

  103. 103.

    Philibert Wellner, Hand-Buch deren Krancken (Vienna: Christoph Joseph Hueth, 1744).

  104. 104.

    Lang, Hochgericht, 7.

  105. 105.

    Wellner, Handbuch, 107.

  106. 106.

    Vincenzo, Probier Teuch, 375–380.

  107. 107.

    “Ein solcher armer Sünder kan nicht leichter entgehen den Peynen des Fegfeuers, als eben durch einen solchen schmählichen Tod.” “Dann gewiß ein armer Sünder, welcher also gutwillig den Tod annihmt, Gott aufopffert, … noch in dieser Welt von seinen Sünden gereiniget wird, daß solcher gleich nach dem Tod in die ewige Freuden übersetzet wird.” Wellner, Handbuch, 96–97.

  108. 108.

    Peter Jezler, “Jenseitsmodelle und Jenseitsvorsorge—Eine Einführung,” in Himmel, Hölle, Fegefeuer. Das Jenseits im Mittelalter, ed. Peter Jezler (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1994), 18.

  109. 109.

    Vincenzo, Probier Teuch, 385.

  110. 110.

    For an analysis of the Italian execution ritual as passion play, see Kathleen Falvey, “Scaffold and Stage. Comforting Rituals and Dramatic Traditions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy,” in Art of Executing Well, ed. Terpstra, 13–30.

  111. 111.

    Martin von Cochem, Krancken-Buch, 424–425.

  112. 112.

    Partinger, Praxis, 256.

  113. 113.

    Wellner, Handbuch, 92–94.

  114. 114.

    Partinger, Praxis, 257.

  115. 115.

    Martin von Cochem, Krancken-Buch, 440.

  116. 116.

    Wellner, Handbuch, 135–136.

  117. 117.

    For the sacralization of the Viennese cityscape and the patronage of sacred architecture by the Habsburg dynasty as a political project, see Helmut Halb, “Zur Sakralisierung von frühneuzeitlichem Stadtraum amd Beispiel Wien,” in Sakralisierung der Landschaft. Inbesitznahme, Gestaltung und Verwendung im Zeichen der Gegenreformation in Mitteleuropa, eds. Werner Telesko and Thomas Aigner (St. Pölten: Diözesanarchiv St. Pölten, 2019), 74–90.

  118. 118.

    WStLA, Paul Harrer, “Wien: Seine Häuser, Menschen und Kultur,” vol. 5, Part I. Unpublished manuscript (1955), 157. “Amtshaus,” in Felix Czeike, Historiches Lexikon Wien, vol. 1, (Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau/Orac, 2004), 94.

  119. 119.

    “Sub Titulo Sanguinis Christi ad Sanctissimae Trinitatis Laudem Augustinus Hafner secundum Consul, Regiae Maj. Praetor Viennensis aedificavit. 1608.” Karl August Schimmer, Ausführliche Häuser-Chronik der innern Stadt Wie: mit einer geschichtlichen Uebersicht sämmtlicher Vorstädte und ihrer merkwürdigsten Gebäude (Vienna: Kuppitsch, 1849), 177.

  120. 120.

    Gustav Adolph Schimmer, Das alte Wien: … (Vienna: L.C. Zamarski, 1854), 19. Johann Basilius Küchelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht vom Römisch-Käyserlichen Hofe: nebst einer ausführlichen historischen Beschreibung der kayserlichen Residentz-Stadt Wien … (Hannover: Förster, 1730), 644–646.

  121. 121.

    Anon., “Ein Rundgang durch das alte Wien zur Zeit des Steinhausen’schen Stadtplanes,” Berichte und Mittheilungen des Alterthums-Vereins zu Wien 25 (1889): 32–68, p. 53.

  122. 122.

    Schimmer, Wien, 20.

  123. 123.

    This according to a caption on a water coloring of the prison from 1750. The caption is from a later date since it mentions the demolition of the building in 1785. HMW, I-N 61.354.

  124. 124.

    Harrer, “Wien,” 5.I, 158.

  125. 125.

    Italics in the original. John Howard, Appendix to the State of the Prisons in England and Wales … (Warrington: William Eyres, 1780), 31.

  126. 126.

    Felix Czeike, Wien. Kunst und Kultur Lexikon. Stadtführer und Handbuch (Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1976), 104–105. On the Mount Calvary at Hernals, see Gugitz, Österreichs Gnadenstätten, 92–94.

  127. 127.

    Martin Lehmann, “Die Kalvarienberganlagen im Donauraum,” in Festschrift Franz Loidl zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Victor Flieder, vol. 1 (Vienna: Verlag Brüder Hollinkek, 1970), 113–159, pp. 128, 141–147.

  128. 128.

    This description is based on contemporary published accounts: Ferdinand Franz Engelberger flanked by Jesuits on his walk from the dungeon to the courthouse, prior to his sacrilege: Kurtzer Innhalt der Execution, So inn der Statt Wien den 22. Augusti dises Jahrs durch rechtmessiges Urthail zween verzweifelten Juden so jünger: und drauff den 26. dessen/mit dem ältesten/wgen erbärmlicher und Gottschändiger MalefitzThat/ … fürgenommen ist worden (s.l.: s.n., [1642]), 1r. SuStBA, 4 Jud 51-3. An account of a book burning in Vienna by the executioner in 1668 that emphasisizes that the court followed the same procedure used during the execution of a malefactor. Matthias Abele von und zu Lilienberg, Matthias. 1670. Künstliche Unordnung: das ist: Wunder-Seltsame niemals in offentlichen Druck gekommene Gerichts- und ausser Gerichts- doch warhaffte Begebenheiten. ([Nuremberg]: Endter, 1670), 315–316.

  129. 129.

    “Armensündergassel,” Czeike, Historisches Lexikon Wien, vol. 1, 158.

  130. 130.

    Instruktion für Gefangenenseelsorger, undated (1770s?). WStLA, Handschriften A 21/1, p. 31,

  131. 131.

    A medieval courthouse stood on the north-east corner of the market. When this building burned down in 1437, the city built a new courthouse on the southwest corner. The city court was located here from 1440 to 1839. Harrer, “Wien,” vol. 1, Part 2 (1951), 400. Perger, Hohe Markt, 31.

  132. 132.

    In Austrian lands the courthouse was called the Schranne, from the old high German scranna, bench. Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW): Schranne. http://drw-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/drw-cgi/zeige?index=lemmata&term=schranne.

  133. 133.

    On the organization of Vienna’s court, see Richard Perger, “Die Baugeschichte des Wiener Schrannengebäudes nach schriftlichen Quellen,” Studien zur Wiener Geschichte. Jahrbuch des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Wien 57/58 (202): 270.

  134. 134.

    Perger, “Baugeschichte,” 282.

  135. 135.

    Quoted in Perger, “Baugeschichte,” 284.

  136. 136.

    See Chap. 5.

  137. 137.

    Harrer, “Wien,” 1, II, 402–403.

  138. 138.

    Quoted in Fritz Fellner, Gernot Kocher, Ute Streitt, eds., Katalog: Schande, Folter, Hinrichtung. Rechtsprechung und Strafvollzug in Oberösterreich (Linz, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, 2011). 12–17. Examples of the staves and swords bourne by Austrian city judges can be viewed here: https://www.ooegeschichte.at/themen/politik-recht-und-gesellschaft/schande-folter-hinrichtung/recht-und-ordnung/die-hohe-gerichtsbarkeit/.

  139. 139.

    WStLA, Handschriften, A 21/2, pp. 1–3.

  140. 140.

    [August Richter], Umständliche Doch in möglichster Kürtze verfaßte Historische Einleitung Uber den Criminal-Process (Frankfurt: Johann Conrad Wohler, 1738), 300.

  141. 141.

    Abele, Künstliche Unordnung, 315.

  142. 142.

    Vincentius, Fegfewers Probier Teuch, 349–351.

  143. 143.

    Regulen Und andächtige Ubungen, Der in der Statt Wien … Löbl. Bruderschafft (Vienna: Leopold Voigt, 1672), 71–72.

  144. 144.

    “Warhaffte Bildnuß Francisco Nadasti welcher … zu Wienn enthaubt worden, … im Jahr 1671.” HMW, IN. 37.988, Gerichtswesen 1671, M 790. Detail.

  145. 145.

    Edward Brown, An Account of Several Travels through a great part of Germany (London: Benj. Tooke, 1677), 111.

  146. 146.

    This was the Vermählungsbrunnen (Nuptual Fountain) dedicated to the marriage of Mary and Joseph. An imperial decree from March 15, 1706 ordered the removal of the pillory to an alternate location, and directed the city to complete the work by feast day of St. Joseph (which falls on March 19). WStLA, B6-2, Decretenbuch 1703–1711, fo. 115r.

  147. 147.

    “Todten-Bruderschaffts-Privilegium,” June 5, 1638, in Codicis Austriaci, ed. Franz Anton von Guarient und Raall, vol. 2 (Vienna: Voigt, 1704), 340–341.

  148. 148.

    WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116. Regina Glanzin, f. 5r, Catharina Jacobin, ff. 9r–9v.

  149. 149.

    Karl Hofbauer, Die Wieden mit den Edelsitzen Conradswerd, Mühlfeld, Schaumburgerhof und dem Freigrunde Hungerbrunn: historisch-topographische Skizzen zur Schilderung der Vorstädte Wiens (Vienna: Gorischek, 1864), 168.

  150. 150.

    Staves: Anon., Hoch-feyerliches Saeculum, unpaginated. Torches: Hofbauer, Wieden, 170.

  151. 151.

    See Chap. 6, Image 6.7. For another view of the ravenstone with the inner city in the background, see Johann Adam Delsenbach (Kupferstecher), “Prospect der Stadt Wien vor dem Schotten-Thor,” 1719, HMW, Inv.-Nr. 78049/1, CC0 (https://sammlung.wienmuseum.at/objekt/145498/). The ravenstone is at the far right.

  152. 152.

    See Chap. 6. Hartl, Wiener Kriminalgericht, 133. Wilhelm Deutschmann and Herbert Spehar, 200 Jahre Rechtsleben in Wien. Advokaten, Richter, Rechtsgelehrte (Vienna: Museen der Stadt Wien, 1986), 14.

  153. 153.

    Nathanial William Wraxall, Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna, in the years 1777, 1778, and 1779. 2nd edition (London: A. Strahan, 1800), 261–267.

  154. 154.

    This “Graveyard of the City Hospital” (Bürgerspitalsfriedhof) was first established in 1571. When the Confraternity of the Dead began the practice of burying executed criminals here, it became known as the Poor Sinners’ Graveyard. Deutschmann and Spehar, 200 Jahre Rechtsleben, 14. Werner T. Bauer, Wiener Friedhofsführer. Genaue Beschreibung sämtlicher Begräbnisstätten nebst einer Geschichte des Wiener Bestattungswesens (Vienna: Falter Verlag, 1997), 36–38.

  155. 155.

    Salomon Kleiner, Des florierenden vermehrten Wiens Fernere Befolgung, oder, Wahrhafte und genaue Abbildung derer in dieser Kayserl. Residenz-Statt … ausgeführten Gebäuden … (Augsburg: Johann Andreas Pfeffel, 1737), Vierter Theil. It was referred to as the Armsündergottesacker or the Bürgerspitalfriedhof. Kleiner’s engraving mistakenly labels the chapel as St. Rochus. In fact, it was the Augustinkapelle, first founded by the Viennese citizen Augustin Hirneis in 1638, the same year the Confraternity for the Dead was founded. The chapel was destroyed during the Turkish siege of 1683, and replaced in 1701 by a larger chapel, as shown in Kleiner’s engraving, though of course it appears quite diminutive next to St. Charles Church looming in the background. Gugitz, Österreichs Gnadenstätten, 58.

  156. 156.

    Elke Doppler, Christian Rapp, and Sándor Békési, eds., Am Puls der Stadt: 2000 Jahre Karlsplatz. [Sonderausstellung, Wien Museum Karlsplatz, 29. Mai–26. Oktober 2008]. (Vienna: Czernin, 2008), 305.

  157. 157.

    WB, Handschriften, Lb 18013, f. 98–102, Nr. 192, April 4, 1772, Benedict Bacher.

  158. 158.

    WD, Nr. 77, 24 September 1723, Anna Maria N.

  159. 159.

    ÖNB, Handschriften, Cod 8363, pp. 10–11, Nr. 87, 1723, 13 September, Maria Anna. (There is a variation in dates. The Wiennerisches Diarium gives September 24 as the date of her execution.) WD, Nr. 77, 24 September 1723, Anna Maria N.

  160. 160.

    ÖNB, Cod 8363, pp. 25–27, Nr. 150, 19 December 1757, Johann Adam Scharbaur.

  161. 161.

    WB, Handscrhiften, Lc 67116, ff. [3r–3v].

  162. 162.

    Jörn Leonhard, “Non-simultaneity,” in: Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online, Editors of the English edition: Graeme Dunphy, Andrew Gow. Original German Edition: Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit. Im Auftrag des Kulturwissenschaftlichen Instituts (Essen) und in Verbindung mit den Fachherausgebern herausgegeben von Friedrich Jaeger. Copyright © J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung und Carl Ernst Poeschel Verlag GmbH 2005–2012. Consulted online on 27 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.1163/2352-0272_emho_COM_029268. ÖNB, Cod 8363, pp. 25–27, Nr. 150, 19 December 1757, Johann Adam Scharbauer. WB, Handscrhiften, Lc 67116, ff. [3r–3v].

  163. 163.

    DAW, GF 21, G/S 1, Gerichts und Strafhäuser 2, Amtshauskapelle, 1588–1761, 24 July 1613, Stiftung Ana Khünigen.

  164. 164.

    DAW, GF 21, G/S 1, Gerichts und Strafhäuser 2, Amtshauskapelle, 1588–1761, 17 September 1715, Wilhelm Sattler.

  165. 165.

    DAW, KL/01, Barfüßer Augustiner Eremiten, Maria Loreto St. Augustin, 1637–1835. List of bequests for ministry to prisoners, dated 12 Christmonaths [i.e., December] 1782.

  166. 166.

    WB, Handschriften Lb 18013, pp. 81–88, Nr. 189, 16 Feburary, 1769, Catharina Jacobeckin, and pp. 91–93, Nr. 191, March 9, 1771, Theresia Nachbahrin.

  167. 167.

    For numerous further examples, see WStLA, Handschriften A 21/2, pp. 222–227, and Handschriften A 21/3, pp. 198–229.

  168. 168.

    Gerhard Ammerer, Das Ende für Schwert und Galgen? Legislativer Prozess und öffentlicher Diskurs zur Reduzierung der Todesstrafe im Ordentlichen Verfahren unter Joseph II. (1781–1787) (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2010), 15. For a granular account of Joseph II’s assault on Baroque Catholicism, see Klaus Gottschall, Dokumente zum Wandel im religiösen Leben Wiens während des Josephinismus (Vienna: Institut für Volkskunde der Universität Wien, 1979).

  169. 169.

    Anton Lang, Hochgericht und Räderkreuz. Die Hinrichtungsstätten am Wienerberg (Vienna, Museumsverein Favoriten, 2002), 25–26.

  170. 170.

    “Demnach sich nicht geziemen will, daß in so naher Gegend dero Kais. Königl Residenz und Lustschloss Schönbrunn die Hochgerichter an und auf dem Wienerberg verbleiben sollen.” Bodies should be removed quickly, “und nicht mehr auf dem Galgen hängen oder auf dem Rad so lange Zeit liegen gelassen werden sollen.” WStLA Handschriften A 21/1, p. 319, Nr. 307, June 5, 1747.

  171. 171.

    For crime reporting by the Wiennerisches Diarium, 1730–1739 and 1760–1769, see https://homepage.univie.ac.at/susanne.hehenberger/kriminaldatenbank/. For additional executions in these years, see ÖNB, Cod 8363. WB, Handschriften Lb 18013. WB, Handschriften Lc 67116, and the collection of printed execution notices in the Wien Bibliothek.

  172. 172.

    WStLA, Handschriften A 21/1, pp. 8–9. Correspondence from November 9, 1768 and August 5, 1770.

  173. 173.

    Czeike, Wien, 154.

  174. 174.

    Ammerer, Ende für Schwert und Galgen, 44–45.

  175. 175.

    “Gott läßt mit sich nicht spotten.” Quoted in Ammerer and Adomeit, “Armsünderblätter,” 282, fn. 38.

  176. 176.

    April 4, 1772, Benedictus Bacher. WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116, ff. 9v–10r.

  177. 177.

    WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116, ff. 10r–10v, June 12, 1772, Joseph Zahl Maister.

  178. 178.

    February 23, 1775, Lorentz Hohen Möcker. WB, Handschriften, Lc 67116, ff. 12v–13r.

  179. 179.

    Gottschall, Dokumente, 35–36.

  180. 180.

    Bauer, Wiener Friedhofsführer, 25–26.

  181. 181.

    Wolfsgruber, Loretokapelle, 52–55

  182. 182.

    Harrer, “Wien,” vol. 5, Part 1, “Rauhensteingasse Nr. 10,” 155–159, p. 159.

  183. 183.

    Czeike, Wien, 104–105.

  184. 184.

    Quoted in Edmund Friess and Gustav Gugitz, “Die Mirakelbücher von Mariahilf in Wien (1689–1775),” in Deutsche Mirakelbücher: Zur Quellenkunde und Sinngebung, ed. Georg Schreiber (Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1938), 128.

  185. 185.

    R. Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 10.

  186. 186.

    Ammerer, Ende für Schwert und Galgen, 195–198.

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Stuart, K. (2023). Crime and Justice in a Sacred Landscape: Vienna, 1668–1786. In: Suicide by Proxy in Early Modern Germany. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25244-0_7

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