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Motivation

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Zusammenfassung

Der Gegenstand der Motivationspsychologie ist zielgerichtetes Verhalten. Motivation bestimmt, welche Ziele angestrebt bzw. welche Zustände vermieden werden und wie viel Anstrengung und Ausdauer dafür aufgewandt werden.

Sie entsteht aus einer Interaktion zwischen Organismusvariablen (Motiven bzw. Bedürfnissen) und Situationsvariablen (Anreizen). Motive schärfen die Wahrnehmung für Situationen, Reize und Ereignisse, die zur Bedürfnisbefriedigung geeignet sind. Durch solche Anreize werden in besonderem Maße Emotionen angesprochen. Motive sind latente Bewertungsdispositionen, die durch Anreize angeregt bzw. aktiviert und erst so zu Motivation und im Verhalten sichtbar werden.

Motive können unbewusst (implizit) sein oder explizit und sich in bewussten Selbstbildern niederschlagen. Implizite Motive sind nicht sprachgebunden und somit nicht durch Fragebogen erfassbar. Sie entwickeln sich in der frühen Kindheit. Zur Messung impliziter Motive werden projektive Verfahren eingesetzt. Explizite Motive bilden sich erst mit der Sprache und der Entstehung des Selbstkonzepts aus. Sie können durch Selbstberichte erfragt werden.

Schlüsselwörter: Implizite Motive; Explizite Motive; Motivation; Ziel; Anreiz; Motivinkongruenz; Anschluss; Macht; Leistung

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  1. Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Seminarstr. 20, 49074, Osanabrück, Deutschland

    Prof. Dr. Rosa Maria Puca

  2. Fachgruppe Sportwissenschaft, Sportpsychologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Deutschland

    Prof. Dr. Julia Schüler

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  1. Institut für Psychologie, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

    Jochen Müsseler

  2. UMIT – Private Universität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Medizinische Informatik und Technik, Institut für Psychologie, Hall in Tirol, Austria

    Martina Rieger

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Puca, R.M., Schüler, J. (2017). Motivation. In: Müsseler, J., Rieger, M. (eds) Allgemeine Psychologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53898-8_8

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