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Protozoology.chapter 2 lecture 2.pptx
- 2. Introduction to Protozoa Chapter Outline • General features of protozoa • Expected questions • Classification of protozoa
- 3. General features of protozoa • The protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic cells that perform all the physiological function. More than two lakhs protozoa are named but only about 70 species belonging to nearly 30 genera infect human beings Many of these protozoa are relatively harmless but few may cause some of the important diseases of tropical countries like malaria, kalaazar, sleeping sickness and Chaga’s disease, etc which together threaten one quarter of the population of the World
- 4. Classification of protozoa the traditional 1980s Classification • Based on the recommendation of the committee on Systematics and Evolution of the Society of Protozoologists conducted by Levine et al (1980), the protozoan parasites were classified (Table 2.1) • Though it satisfied the requirements of the protozoologists but couldn’t meet some of the requirements of medical parasitologists.
- 5. Corliss’s interim user Friendly Classification (1994) • Corliss proposed a userfriendly classification trying to meet the requirements of both protozoologists and medical parasitologists. He divided the living creatures into six kingdoms. Unicellular parasites (generally accepted as protozoa) are categorized into two phylum—Archezoa and Protozoa.
- 6. Molecular Classification (2000) • The hierarchical system can be accurately represented by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein sequences of the organisms. With advance of molecular techniques, the ribosomal RNA and protein sequences are studied, and a new classification has been devised. Cavalier and Smith’s six kingdoms classification— molecular classification is based on the six kingdom theory proposed by Cavalier and Smith (1998). They are bacteria, protozoa, animalia, fungi, plantae and chromista.
- 7. Conti……. • The unicellular protozoan parasites constitute thirteen phyla of which the human parasites belong to seven phyla which are distributed in three kingdoms—Protozoa, Fungi and Chromista (Table 2.2).
- 8. Kingdom Protozoa • Unicellular eukaryotic, phagotrophic, nonphotosynthetic organism without a cell wall. • Subkingdom Archezoa • Unicellular eukaryotic organisms exhibiting various prokaryotic features in ribosomes and transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and lacking mitochondria and other organelles. • Phylum Metamonada: Unicellular intestinal flagellates (2–8 numbers) • Phylum Parabasalia: Unicellular flagellates with one or more nuclei and numerous flagella and parabasal body.
- 9. Conti…… • Subkingdom Neozoa Unicellular eukaryotic organisms typically possessing mitochondria and other organelles. • Phylum Amoebozoa: Unicellular eukaryotic organisms with pseudopodia used for locomotion and feeding • Class Amoebaea: free living amoeba with and mitochondria
- 10. Conti…… • Class Entamoebidea: Obligate amoeba with secondary loss of mitochondria • Phylum Percolozoa: Unicellular organisms having 1–4 temporary flagella and mitochondria but lacking Golgi bodies • Phylum Euglenozoa: Unicellular organisms having 1–4 flagella, mitochondria and Golgi bodies • Phylum Sporozoa: Unicellular eukaryotic organisms possessing apical complex made up of polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes and conoid
- 11. Conti…… Phylum Ciliophora: Unicellular organisms having cilia as loco motor organ and two nuclei of different size and ploidy—(1) macronucleus and (2) micronucleus.
- 12. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms lacking plastids but possessing cell wall containing chitin and β -glucan.
- 13. Kingdom Chromista • Unicellular eukaryotic, photosynthetic filamentous or colonial, organisms (in part “algae”); some with secondary loss of plastids.