Allozymes & Isozymes in Ichthyotaxonomy
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The document discusses allozymes and isozymes, which are genetic markers used in ichthyotaxonomy to study phylogenetic relationships between fish species. Allozymes represent enzymes catalyzed by different alleles of the same gene, while isozymes are enzymes from different genes that catalyze the same reaction. Allozyme electrophoresis is used to detect genetic variation at the enzyme level by identifying different allozyme forms. While allozymes and isozymes provide useful information and are easy to use, they have limitations as only a small fraction of enzyme loci are polymorphic and a limited number can be analyzed.
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Allozymes & Isozymes in Ichthyotaxonomy
- 1. ALLOZYMES AND ISOZYMES Mohit Kumar Ram and Jitendra Kumar COF, Mangalore jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 2. OUTLINE Introduction Allozymes Isozymes Use of Allozymes & Isozymes Significance of Allozymes & Isozymes study, in Ichthyotaxonomy Allozyme electrophoresis Advantages & disadvantages Conclusion jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 3. Introduction In Ichthyotaxonomy, DNA based molecular marker(Genetic Marker) plays an important role to identify the phylogenic trends of evolution Now a days it is being replaced by various other methods of DNA-marker like, -Nuclear DNA markers(nDNA) -Mitochondrial DNA markers(mtDNA) -Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) etc. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 4. Molecular Marker It is typical type of DNA sequence Used to mark a particular or specific location on the chromosomes It may also called genetic marker jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 5. Types of Molecular Marker Allozyme markers Nuclear DNA markers (nDNA) Mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) Tandem repeated DNA (mini and microsatellites) Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 6. Basic functions of all markers Genetic identification of aquaculture stocks Identify the phylogenetic relationship between the different species of fishes Monitoring of inbreeding or other changes in the genetic composition of the stocks events and genetic drift Comparisons between hatchery and wild stocks jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 7. Isoenzymes & Allozymes • Isoenzymes & Allozymes were first discovered by R.L.Hunter & Clement Markert in 1957 • Now days the two words i.e. Isoenzymes & Allozymes are usually used interchangeably • ExamplesLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (chr-12) & (chr-15), malate dehydrogenes glucosephosphate, glucokinase etc. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 9. Allozyme It represents the enzymes which is catalyzed by the different alleles of the same gene Allozyme jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 10. Isozyme/Isoenzyme • It represent the enzymes from different genes that process or catalyzed the same reaction • Differs in amino acid sequence E1 A + B E2 AB …..then E1 & E2 will be Isoenzymes jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 11. Functions of Allozymes in fisheries To study the Genetic Variability of stock To demonstrate Allozyme electrophoresis To identify the genetic behavior of smolt age To study the genetic characterization of the species and stock To study the genetic drift of the species and stock Genome mapping jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 12. Functions of Allozymes in Ichthyotaxonomy Individual identification Mixed Stock Fishery Analysis(MSFA) To identify the phylogenetic relationship between the different species of fishes To identify and arrangement of the species and stock on the basis of their genetic affinity To identify the genetic diversity with in the stock & cultured species jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 13. Allozyme electrophoresis • Allozyme electrophoresis denotes technique for identifying genetic variation at the level of enzyme • Genetically different forms of an enzyme that are produced by different alleles at locus • Detected by electrophoresis • It is a Co-Dominant Mendelian characters jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 15. Protein Pattern after electrophoresis Protein Pattern after electrophoresis jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 16. Process of electrophoresis Extraction , electrophoresis and observation of protein bands are the methods for detection of allozyme variation Generally starch gel used for staining 40-50 individual can be analyzed per gel Drawback of this is that only small fraction of enzyme loci jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 17. Advantages of Allozymes & Isoenzymes Co dominant type markers Easy to use Easily adjustable from species to species Low cost General applicability jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 18. Disadvantages of Allozymes & Isoenzymes Limited number of available Allozyme loci precludes their use in large-scale genome mapping Heterozygote deficiencies due to null alleles Reduce the level of detectable variation due to some changes in DNA sequence Only a small fraction of enzyme loci appear to be allozymically polymorphic jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 19. CONCLUSION • Although, Isoenzyme & Allozyme are not used so much but yet it gives satisfactory result • It should apply to the genetics of phylogeny as it gives good result • It has limited use in fisheries sciences rather than other sciences jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 20. RFERENCES • www.google.com/www.wikipedia.com/isoenz ymes • www.google.com/www.wikipedia.com/allozy mes • www.google.com/pdf/file/genetics in fisheries • www.google.com/pdf/file/application of isoenzymes and allozymes in fisheries • www.google.com/pdf/file/allozyme electrophoresis in fisheries jitenderanduat@gmail.com