1 CHIRONOMUS NEWSLETTER ON CHIRONOMIDAE RESEARCH ...

CHIRONOMUS NEWSLETTER ON CHIRONOMIDAE RESEARCH 

Co-Editors: Ruth CONTRERAS-LICHTENBERG 

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, A-1014 WIEN, Austria 

Peter H. LANGTON 

5 Kylebeg Avenue, Mountsandel, Coleraine, Co. 

Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1JN - Northern Ireland 

Bibliography: Odwin HOFFRICHTER 

Institut f. Biologie I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1 

D-79104 , Germany 

Treasurer: Trond ANDERSEN: Museum of Zoology, 

University of Bergen, Museplass 3, N-5007 Bergen - Norway 

1 

ISSN 0172-1941 

No. 15 October 2002 

CONTENTS 

15th International Symposium on Chironomidae – Annoncement .....................................................................1 

Professor Ernst Josef Fittkau – 75 yeears............................................................................................................2 

The Newsletter Grant ........................................................................................................................................13 

Current Research ...............................................................................................................................................14 

Theses ...............................................................................................................................................................34 

Short – Communications ................................................................................................................................. 34 

List of regional representatives 2002................................................................................................................ 37 

Current Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 40 

15 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHIRONOMIDAE 12-14 AUGUST 2003 

The 15th International Symposium on 

Chironomidae will be held at the University of 

Minnesota in Saint Paul, Minnesota on 12-14 

August 2003. It will be sponsored by the 

Department of Entomology, and Len 

Ferrington will serve as the organizer and will 

be the contact person for inquiries. His 

telephone number is 612-624-3265 and his email 

address is ferri016@tc.umn.edu 

A web page will soon be available with 

detailed instructions for submitting abstracts, 

reserving accomodations and to complete and 

pay for registration. An announcement of the 

web page will be made through the 

Chironomidae Web page. 

In addition to the scientific schedule, there will 

be both pre-meeting and post-meeting tours. 

The pre-meeting tour will be held on Monday, 

11 August 2003 and will be free for registered 

participants (delegates) of the conference. 

There will be a small fee for spouses and 

others accompanying the conference delegates. 

The post-meeting tour will depart from 

Minneapolis/Saint Paul in the AM on 15 

August 2003, and will consist of travel to the 

Itasca Field Lab in central Minnesota, followed 

by travel to the Iron Range area of northcentral 

Minnesota then along the North Shore 

of Lake Superior to the border with Canada, 

before returning to Minneapolis/Saint Paul by 

late PM on 19 August 2003. There will be a 

fee for the post-meeting tour, both for meeting 

delegates, spouses and other accompanying 

guests. 

The Minnesota State Fair will begin on 

Thursday, 21 August 2003. The state fair 

continues for 10 days and is one of the most 

celebrated social activities of summer in 

Minneapolis/Saint Paul, with more 2 million 

people attending the fair. The state fair is an 

activity that should not be missed and we hope 

that people attending the International 

Conference on Chironomidae will try to 

schedule some extra days in the Twin Cities so 

that they can attend the fair. For more details 

contact Len Ferrington. 

In order to participate in all meeting activities 

and also attend the state fair it is recommended 

that persons arrive by Saturday 9 August 2003 

or Sunday 10 August 2003 and stay until at 

least 23 August 2003.

PROFESSOR ERNST JOSEF FITTKAU – 75 YEARS, 

50 YEARS FOR CHIRONOMID RESEARCH 

By Martin Spies 

Munich, Germany (e-mail: spies@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de) 

Fig. 1. E. J. Fittkau and students (H. W. Riss, 

A. Meisl) on a field trip in Bavaria, 1991 

This past July, Professor Ernst Josef Fittkau 

and his family, friends, colleagues and students 

were able to celebrate his 75 th birthday. 

Fortunately, Professor Fittkau continues to 

enjoy and pursue his interests in his 

characteristic energetic manner, therefore this 

date does not mark any real cutoff in his 

activities. However, this personal anniversary 

approximately coincides with another, 

professional milestone in Fittkau’s life: the 

completion of 50 years of work involving the 

Chironomidae. Therefore, let us pay tribute 

here on these occasions by remembering how 

much Professor Fittkau has given to our group 

and field of study, and how many of the tools 

and services we can take advantage of today 

we really owe to Fittkau and his collaborators. 

To begin with, just look at the newsletter you 

are reading. In its recent form, 

CHIRONOMUS was revived by Ulrike Nolte 

and associates, and it is the current editors who 

deserve our thanks for continuing to produce 

this useful forum for communications. 

However, the newsletter was originally created 

by Fittkau and Friedrich Reiss in 1967, and 

Fittkau worked as its co-editor through the end 

of 1984 when CHIRONOMUS went into 

dormancy after 25 issues and a total of over 

200 pages (see Nos 25 and 67a in the list of 

Fittkau’s publications at the end of this article). 

Even before editing the first newsletter, Fittkau 

was one of the initiators of another way to 

exchange information, that chironomid 

workers from all around the world have 

enjoyed ever since as a major attraction and 

institution in our community: in the fall of 

1963 Fittkau sent out the invitations for the 

first International Symposium on 

Chironomidae, which then took place at Plön 

in July of 1964. By now we are looking 

forward to the fifteenth such meeting, to be 

hosted by Len Ferrington and colleagues at the 

University of Minnesota in the summer of 

2003. 

Knowing Professor Fittkau today, one can 

assume that meeting others and bridging 

distances between people or territories have 

always been enjoyable and rewarding to him in 

themselves, not just necessary means to a 

professional end. Nevertheless, it is fair to 

assume that this inclination was reinforced by 

positive experience made in his younger years. 

As a beginning student of biology, he was able 

to take part in the creation of the 

Limnologische Fluss-Station Freudenthal – a 

precursor of the current Max-Planck-Institute 

at Schlitz – which could only be achieved 

through the collective effort of its founders 

overcoming the most adverse post-war 

circumstances. 

The ‘down’ side of joining this group for 

Fittkau – lucky for us – was that he was 

directed away from the molluscs he had 

wanted to study, and instead had to work 

himself into the Chironomidae. (However, 

Fittkau never has been ‘converted’ completely, 

as can be seen from his wonderful collection of 

shells, and from the occasional papers on 

molluscs recurring here and there among his 

many publications.) The fauna of the Fulda 

river, which the Freudenthal group was mainly 

2

Fig. 2. A. Thienemann and E. J. Fittkau at the 

Max-Planck-Institute in Plön, 1952 

studying, was targeted as the topic of Fittkau’s 

doctoral dissertation, and the great August 

Thienemann agreed to act as his senior advisor. 

In 1954, Fittkau became Thienemann’s 

assistant at Plön (Fig. 2). 

Working on the Fulda river material, Fittkau 

soon realized that for many taxa the scientific 

names could not be easily determined, and thus 

meaningful interpretations of the fauna for 

ecology, biogeography or other applications 

were also impossible. The main reasons for 

this were the largely confused, unrevised state 

of chironomid nomenclature, which at that 

time was almost exclusively based on often 

insufficient descriptions of adult specimens, 

and the numerous apparent ‘incongruences’ 

between the alternative systematic 

arrangements derived from imaginal or 

immature stage characters, respectively. On the 

other hand, in the combined and more detailed 

study of direct associations of adult and 

juvenile specimens obtained from his Fulda 

rearings Fittkau saw the chance to overcome 

these difficulties and raise the recognition and 

use of the Chironomidae in limnology to levels 

in accordance with the group’s distribution and 

importance in aquatic ecosystems (see 

FITTKAU 1961, publication No. 14). 

Consequently, Fittkau shifted the focus of his 

work to taxonomy and systematics, and even 

changed the topic of his dissertation. The 

resulting revision of the Tanypodinae 

(FITTKAU 1959, 1962; Nos 11, 15) was an 

instant classic in the field, and will remain one 

of the definitive, basic texts on this third 

largest of chironomid subfamilies. 

This move of Fittkau’s from limnology into 

taxonomy and systematics followed the 

realization that “if one wants to practice 

ecology successfully, the mastery of 

systematics remains prerequisite” (FITTKAU 

1961, No. 14). Incidentally, the history of our 

field is full of colleagues arriving at 

chironomid studies on such a more or less 

voluntary detour from their original paths, and 

not all of these managed to find the way back 

out to their intended goals. 

In Fittkau’s case, one influential example of a 

researcher developing taxonomic knowledge 

for similar reasons was Lars Brundin, with 

whom Fittkau was able to study the adults of 

Chironomidae in 1956 and 1958. And like 

Brundin, Fittkau acquired very special 

taxonomic expertise, but has always remained 

much more than a specialist. To see the best of 

different worlds he has managed to keep 

travelling, both physically and in an abstract 

sense – back and forth between the avid 

collector’s natural fields of dreams and the 

scientist’s optimally equipped laboratory and 

library, as well as between the lowland jungles 

of alpha taxonomy and higher elevation sites 

and towers allowing more general overviews in 

ecology, biogeography, or natural history. As 

recurrent a theme as these travels are 

throughout Fittkau’s biography, they may be 

seen as expressing a strong streak of 

adventurous curiosity and love for nature in his 

character. Vice versa, these balanced cycles in 

Fittkau’s activities have certainly kept 

reinvigorating the convincing enthusiasm for 

his interests and encouraging tolerance for 

those of others he has always impressed with 

in personal meetings, his presentations and 

publications. 

As mentioned above, most of Fittkau’s 

motivation for taking up taxonomy came from 

the unsatisfactory state of chironomid 

systematics at the time (but, unfortunately, we 

can still not claim to have overcome these 

problems completely). Hence: “Everyone who 

is working with Chironomidae knows that our 

knowledge of this dipteran family, especially 

its systematization, has hardly reached the 

level that in most other insect orders had been 

surpassed already about 100 years ago. The 

described species are in part so poorly worked 

up that, for example, it is impossible with the 

existing literature to identify the chironomids 

of Europe; from other world regions they are 

mostly known only fragmentarily. Opposite 

our incomplete knowledge of the taxonomy 

stands the great importance which the 

chironomids are increasingly achieving in 

various research disciplines ...” (FITTKAU & 

REISS 1967; publication No. 25a). And: “The 

time seemed to have come, therefore, to bring 

together in collaboration the forces of all those 

working on chironomids, in order to help each 

other, exchange experience, literature and 

3

material, and thus succeed in overcoming the 

difficulties at hand.” (FITTKAU 1966b; No. 22). 

Thus, in addition to the international meetings 

and newsletter, Fittkau became one of the 

driving forces behind several more significant 

achievements resulting from such collective 

effort by chironomid workers. In 1976 he coauthored 

the first comprehensive bibliography 

of the Chironomidae (publication No. 62), and 

he was actively involved from the time the idea 

was first conceived in the production of what 

must be THE most widely used work on 

Chironomidae worldwide: the three books with 

keys and diagnoses for Holarctic genera edited 

by Torgny Wiederholm (see list Nos 83, 99, 

115). 

Moreover, Fittkau has worked extensively to 

provide chironomid researchers and those in 

related disciplines with new, more and better 

opportunities to publish their work. For this 

purpose he founded the scientific journals 

Amazoniana (in 1968) and Spixiana (1977), 

and served as the editor or co-editor of several 

others (e.g. Studies on the Neotropical Fauna, 

Aquatic Insects), as well as of numerous 

books, proceedings, journal supplements, etc. 

For one example of the effects of these 

activities, see all the papers on Chironomidae 

published in Spixiana (available on Luc Int 

Panis’ and Ian Walker’s Chironomid Home 

Page: 

http://www.ouc.bc.ca/eesc/iwalker/intpanis/ 

under “Looking for references?”). 

Another influential instrument guided by 

Fittkau to promote the work of chironomid 

researchers has been the ‘chironomid center’ 

first developed in Plön, then moved to Munich 

when Fittkau became the director of the 

Zoologische Staatssammlung (ZSM) in 1976. 

Very few other collections can match the 

volume and concentration of literature and 

reference specimens, equipment and knowhow 

gathered by Fittkau and F. Reiss. Of special 

merit in this respect is the conservation and 

introduction into taxonomic practice of the 

specimens, data files and correspondence from 

the Thienemann collection. Fittkau was among 

the first to realize the enormous importance of 

these materials, and he took part in the tedious 

but eventually successful process to have its 

value acknowledged and its use enabled by the 

International Commission on Zoological 

Nomenclature (ICZN) (see HIRVENOJA & 

FITTKAU 1971, list No. 41; ICZN 1980; SPIES 

2001). 

Numerous colleagues around the world have 

directly benefited from the chironomid center 

over the years, either on visits – for a number 

of which Fittkau secured funding, e.g. from the 

Max-Planck Society, the German academic 

exchange service DAAD or the Humboldt 

Foundation – or by receiving material and 

information through loans and correspondence. 

After Professor Fittkau’s retirement and Reiss’ 

much too early death, the dipterists now 

working at ZSM have been trying their best to 

continue these services. 

Professor Fittkau’s work as an academic 

teacher has also served to greatly expand the 

knowledge and awareness of chironomids, 

other aquatic insects and the environments they 

live in. He has given much of his time and 

opened the resources of the chironomid center 

and ZSM to around 100 students preparing 

doctoral dissertations, diploma and other theses 

under his guidance. A list of those projects 

completed or started by 1992 can be found on 

pp. 14-18 of Anonymous (1992). 

Parallel to his furthering of chironomid 

research by attracting and training many new 

workers, Fittkau has also significantly widened 

its geographic horizon. Always ready to travel 

to exotic places, and never returning without 

interesting specimens, he has been supplying 

us with a wealth of material that will for a long 

time remain very hard to work up completely. 

These collections, along with Fittkau‘s 

achievements in general, have prompted many 

authors of scientific descriptions to name new 

Fig. 3. E. J. Fittkau in Amazônia, ca. 1960 

genera and species after him – over two dozen 

alone in several families of the Diptera, but 

also members of several other orders of aquatic 

insects, some Acari and a marine snail. Among 

Neotropical Chironomidae, “fittkaui” in 

4

different generic combinations is the single 

most frequently occurring species epithet. 

Although he has collected on every continent 

except Antarctica, the one region that stands 

above all others with respect to Fittkau’s 

attention is the Neotropics, especially the 

Amazon and adjacent areas. When Fittkau first 

came to South America in 1960 (see Fig. 3) – 

on leave from Plön to lead the limnology 

department of the Instituto Nacional de 

Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) in Manaus – 

very little was known about chironomids from 

that region. 

Although several dozen species had been 

named in the preceding 150 years, most of 

them could not be recognised because their 

descriptions were insufficient and their type 

specimens lost or useless. From the tropical 

Amazon only a handful of species were 

known, and this lack of a taxonomic 

foundation was particularly dearly felt in light 

of the enormous importance and diversity of 

these ecosystems. To remedy this situation, 

Fittkau spent the following years (1960-1963, 

and 1965) to collect a tremendous amount of 

material and environmental field data. 

Integrating this extensive first-hand experience 

with that of others and a wide-ranging 

scientific background, he then developed a 

comprehensive understanding of the fauna, 

functioning, and natural history of these 

ecosystems. Based on these insights Fittkau 

has tried for the last several decades to alert the 

world – from laypeople through science and 

academia to politics and international 

organisations – to the special beauties, global 

value and need for conservation of the Amazon 

and tropical ecosystems in general. Inspite of 

everything he has been doing for chironomid 

research, it is fair to say that he has made those 

efforts his most important activity, and the 

proportion this topic has assumed in his 

publications attests to that (see, e.g., Nos 77, 

89, 92, 110, 124, 143). 

Fittkau’s work on Neotropical Chironomidae 

in particular reflects all of the means 

highlighted in the preceding paragraphs, with 

which he has enhanced research and 

knowledge on these organisms and their roles 

in nature. True to his principle of 

collaboration, he sought from the beginning to 

find, win over or train fellow workers, 

especially from South America, and has 

generously aided and supported everybody 

willing to share in the necessary tasks. For 

example, early on he joined forces with 

Sebastião José de Oliveira, the first Brazilian 

researcher to study chironomids independently, 

and the two friends are still enjoying this most 

long-standing of partnerships (Fig. 4). 

Fig. 4. S. J. de Oliveira and E. J. Fittkau at the 

International Symposium in Rio de Janeiro, 

2000 

As the result of this collective effort coinitiated 

and promoted by Fittkau, our 

knowledge of the Neotropical chironomid 

fauna has greatly increased e.g., the number of 

described species is now close to 800 (author’s 

unpublished data) – and continues to grow 

faster at this time than in any comparable 

world region, in large part due to the 

contributions from a very active and hopefully 

still growing contingent of workers in South 

America itself. The entire history and 

development of research on Neotropical 

Chironomidae have been lucidly recounted 

recently by Fittkau himself (2001c, No.157; 

see also No. 160). 

Looking in detail at Fittkau’s publications 

specifically on chironomid topics, we again 

find numerous most significant contributions 

to the field. These works range from diagnostic 

descriptions of single taxa through revisions on 

various classification levels (e.g. Nos 15, 36, 

40, 47, 140) to phylogenetic and comparative 

examinations of morphological features (e.g. 

Nos 13, 18, 39), and to faunistic and 

zoogeographical overviews (e.g. Nos 23+65, 

69, 70, 102). 

On the desciptive level, Fittkau is the 

taxonomic author or coauthor of 3 tribes, 

almost 30 genera, and nearly 100 species – 

mostly in the Tanypodinae, but also in several 

other subfamilies. Many of his new taxa have 

widened our view of just how diverse and 

exotic chironomid morphology and biology 

can be (e.g. Nos 7, 16, 27, 54). From his 

earliest works to this day, Fittkau’s 

descriptions always impress by his eye for 

5

discovering previously unobserved 

morphological details, and by his ability to 

discern those of diagnostic, classificatory or 

phylogenetic significance. These capacities 

may well be related to those of the born and 

trained field biologist who manages to spot and 

catch the objects most important to his hunt 

amid a jungle of distractions. And the same 

talent and appreciation for details also 

expresses itself in Fittkau’s drawings of always 

excellent scientific and artistic quality, whose 

combination of informative clarity and 

pleasing aesthetics many of us can never 

dream of matching. 

But as much as this attention to detail in 

observation and presentation is productive and 

rewarding on its own scale, its main 

justification to Fittkau again is that it serves the 

higher purpose of making it easier for others to 

follow his scientific argument. In a paper on 

the delimitation of chironomid genera he 

wrote: “The most noble task for the systematist 

must be to establish order. The smaller and 

more cleanly the individual pieces of a mosaic 

are set, the clearer it becomes. Genera are 

phylogenetic or monophyletic units. They can 

contain information not only for the 

taxonomist, but likewise for those applying 

them in practice.” (FITTKAU 1968a, No. 26). 

Thus, a method is of little value until it 

produces results that are shared with and can 

be reproduced, understood and used by others. 

And on the next level, specialist sciences like 

taxonomy should strive to render and keep 

their data and systems accessible and useful to 

progress in more interpretive and applied 

fields. 

As Fittkau has acknowledged (2001b, No. 

156a) this basic guideline for his systematic 

work goes back to the early 19 th century 

founders of dipterology, C. R. W. Wiedemann 

and J. W. Meigen. “I have ... tried to convey 

this demand ... to colleagues and students for 

their emulation” (FITTKAU, op. cit.): to 

develop an “arrangement of genera and species 

according to such characteristics as can be 

found more or less easily by other researchers” 

(WIEDEMANN & MEIGEN 1818, quoted in 

FITTKAU, op. cit.). 

It was thus only fitting that in 2001 the 

German Society for General and Applied 

Entomology honored Professor Fittkau’s 

“outstanding accomplishments in taxonomic 

and ecological work on the Chironomidae ... 

and his untiring research effort for the Amazon 

region” by presenting him with the Society’s 

Meigen Medal (see GERSTMEIER 2001). 

In his “Memoirs and diary sheets of a 

biologist”, Thienemann (1959: 403) wrote 

about Fittkau: “I do hope that he will go on to 

continue my chironomid studies.” There 

cannot be the least bit of doubt that Professor 

Ernst Josef Fittkau has more than fulfilled 

Thienemann’s wish. True to the legacy of his 

teacher and predecessor, he has greatly 

increased not just our factual knowledge of the 

Chironomidae, but also their appreciation and 

application in research at large, the geographic 

areas in which they are being studied, and the 

numbers of people to whom they are important 

and fascinating. Moreover, he has been doing 

his very best to promote all this in the spirit of 

cooperation and friendship. 

Today we can enjoy reaping the benefits from 

this collaborative environment Fittkau and his 

contemporaries have sown the seeds for. But 

let us not take this for granted, as it is not a 

simple given in all comparable groups of 

scientists or people, and – like the natural 

environment we depend on – it is not 

guaranteed to persist around us without our 

continued contributions. It is up to us to ensure 

that this tradition will be carried on. 

Acknowledgements 

The author is deepy grateful to Professor 

Fittkau for all support, advice and information 

given. Drs Roland Gerstmeier and Marion 

Kotrba are thanked for kindly sharing files 

used for some of the figures. 

References 

ANONYMOUS 1992. Prof. Dr. Ernst Josef Fittkau – 

sein Leben und Werk. Pp. 7-23 in: Chronik der 

Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 

Festschrift zur Verabschiedung des Direktors der 

Zoologischen Staatssammlung München Prof. 

Dr. Ernst Josef Fittkau 1976-1992. – Spixiana, 

Suppl. 17. 

GERSTMEIER, R. 2001. Laudatio für Herrn Prof. Dr. 

Ernst Josef Fittkau anlässlich der Verleihung der 

Meigen-Medaille der Deutschen Gesellschaft für 

allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie am 28. 

März 2001 in Düsseldorf. – Mitt. Dt. Ges. Allg. 

Angew. Ent. 13: 15-19. 

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL 

NOMENCLATURE 1980. Opinion 1147. Status, for 

the purposes of type fixations, of the remains of 

chironomid larvae (Insecta, Diptera) provided by 

Thienemann to Kieffer for the description of new 

species based on the adults reared from those 

larvae. – Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 37: 11-26. 

SPIES, M. 2001. When is a nomen really dubium? 

Toward real stability in chironomid taxonomy 

through better symbiosis with the classic 

collections. – Chironomus 14: 7-10. 

6

THIENEMANN, A. 1959. Erinnerungen und Tagebuchblätter eines Biologen. Ein Leben im 

Dienste der Limnologie. – Stuttgart, Schweizerbart, 

499 pp. 

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY E. J. FITTKAU 

WIEDEMANN, C. R. W. & MEIGEN, J. W. 1818. 

Einleitung. Pp. xiii-xxviii in: MEIGEN, J. W.: 

Systematische Beschreibung der europäischen 

zweiflügeligen Insekten. Erster Theil. – Aachen, 

Forstmann, xxxvi+325 pp., 11 pl. 

Titles are presented as numbered by Professor Fittkau himself, except for a few additions which are 

recognizable from lower-case letters after the number, e.g. “95a)”. 

1) FITTKAU, E. J. 1949. Mitteilungen über die in der 

Fulda und ihren Zuflüssen aufgefundenen 

Weichtiere. – Ber. limnol. Flußstn. Freudenthal 

1: 17-19. 

2) FITTKAU, E. J. 1953. Odonaten aus der Fulda. – 

Ber. limnol. Flußstn. Freudenthal 5: 29-36. 

3) FITTKAU, E. J. 1954a. Chironomidenstudien I. 

Pseudodiamesa belingi n.sp. Beitr. Ent. 4: 84-98. 

4) FITTKAU, E. J. 1954b. Die Gattung Neozavrelia 

Goetghebuer (Dipt. Chironomidae). 

Chironomidenstudien II. – Dt. ent. Z. - 1: 161- 

179. 

5) FITTKAU, E. J. 1954c. Trichocladius nivalis 

Goetgh. Chironomidenstudien III. – Ber. limnol. 

Flußstn. Freudenthal 6: 17-27. 

6) FITTKAU, E. J. 1955a. Limnologische 

Untersuchungen in der Sahara. – Mitt. Max- 

Planck-Ges. 1955: 269-273. 

7) FITTKAU, E. J. 1955b. Buchonomyia thienemanni 

n.gen. n.sp. Chironomidenstudien IV (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). – Beitr. Ent. 5: 403-414. 

8) FITTKAU, E. J. 1956a. Heterotanytarsus brundini 

n. spec. Chironomidenstudien V. – Ber. limnol. 

Flußstn. Freudenthal 7: 9-18. 

9) FITTKAU, E. J. 1956b. Ein neuartiger 

Wasserschöpfer. – Z. Fischerei 5: 525-529. 

10) FITTKAU, E. J. 1957. Thienemannimyia und 

Conchapelopia, zwei neue Gattungen innerhalb 

der Ablabesmyia-costalis-Gruppe (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). (Chironomidenstudien VII). – 

Arch. Hydrobiol. 53: 313-322. 

11) FITTKAU, E. J. 1959. Die Tanypodinae 

(Chironomidae, Dipt.) unter besonderer 

Berücksichtigung der Tribus Anatopyniini, 

Macropelopiini und Micropelopiini. – Unpubl. 

doct. diss. Univ. Kiel, 691 pp., 73 pl. 

12) FITTKAU, E. J. 1960a. Rheotanytarsus 

nigricauda n. sp.. Chironomidenstudien VI. – 

Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen 35: 397-407. 

13) FITTKAU, E. J. 1960b. Über phylogenetische 

Entwicklungsreihen bei Chironomiden im 

Metamorphose- und Imaginalstadium. 

(Chironomidenstudien VIII). – Zool. Anz. 164: 

401-410. 

14) FITTKAU, E. J. 1961. Zur gegenwärtigen 

Situation der Chironomidenkunde. – Verh. int. 

Ver. Limnol. 14: 958-961. 

15) FITTKAU, E. J. 1962. Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). (Die Tribus Anatopyniini, 

Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini). – Abh. 

Larvalsyst. Ins. 6: 1-453. 

16) FITTKAU, E. J. 1963. Manoa, eine neue Gattung 

der Chironomidae (Diptera) aus 

Zentralamazonien. Chironomidenstudien IX. – 


17) FITTKAU, E. J. 1964. Remarks on limnology of 

central-Amazon rain forest streams. – Verh. int. 

Ver. Limnol. 15: 1092-1096. 

18) FITTKAU, E. J. 1965a. Veränderungen des 

Flügelgeäders bei Tanypodinen (Diptera 

Chironomidae) im Verlauf der Evolution. – 

Proc. Int. Congr. Ent. 12: 70-71. 

19) FITTKAU, E. J. 1965b. Revision der von E. 

Goeldi aus dem Amazonasgebiet beschriebenen 

Chironomiden (Diptera). Chironomidenstudien 

X. – Beitr. neotrop. Fauna 4: 209-226. 

20) FITTKAU, E. J. 1966a. Chironomus, nicht 

Tendipes. Bemerkung zu einem Beschluß der 

I.C.Z.N., der Internationalen Zoologischen 

Nomenklaturkommission. – Arch. Hydrobiol. 62: 

269-271. 

21) SIMON, G., HERBST, H. V. & FITTKAU, E. J. 

(eds) 1966. Verhandlungen des I. Internationalen 

Symposiums über Chironomiden. – Gew. 

Abwässer 41/42: 1-195. 

22) FITTKAU, E. J. 1966b. I. Internationales 

Symposium über Chironomiden, 150 Jahre 

Chironomidenforschung, Rückblick und 

Vorschau. – Gew. Abwässer 41/42: 7-20. 

23) FITTKAU, E. J., SCHLEE, D. & REISS, F. 1967. 

Chironomidae. Pp. 345-369 in ILLIES, J. (ed.): 

Limnofauna Europaea. Stuttgart, G. Fischer. 

24) FITTKAU, E. J. 1967. On the ecology of 

Amazonian rain-forest streams. – Atas Simpós. 

Biota Amazôn. 3 (Limnologia): 97-108. 

25) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. (eds) 1967-1976. 

Chironomus. Mitteilungen aus der 

Chironomidenkunde 1: (1-19): 158 pp. 

7

25a) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1967. Zum Anfang. 

– Chironomus 1: (1): 1-2. 

26) FITTKAU, E. J. 1968a. Die Abgrenzung der 

Gattung bei Chironomiden. – Ann. zool. fenn. 5: 

33-36. 

27) FITTKAU, E. J. 1968b. Siolimyia amazonica n. 

gen. n. spec., eine flugfähige Chironomide 

(Diptera) mit einem Hypopygium inversum. – 

Amazoniana 1: 259-265. 

28) FITTKAU, E. J. 1968c. Eine neue Tanypodinae- 

Gattung, Djalmabatista (Chironomidae, Dipt.), 

aus dem brasilianischen Amazonasgebiet. – 


29) FITTKAU, E. J. 1968d. Chironomus strenzkei n. 

sp. (Chironomidae, Dipt.), ein neues 

Laboratoriumstier. – Z. Morph. Tiere 63: 239- 

250. 

30) FITTKAU, E. J. 1968e. III. Internationales 

Symposium über Chironomiden im Rahmen des 

XII. Internationalen Kongresses für Entomologie 

in Moskau vom 2.-9.VIII.1968. – Chironomus 1: 

(5-6): 41-43. 

31) FITTKAU, E. J., ILLIES, J., KLINGE, H., 

SCHWABE, G. H. & SIOLI, H. (eds) 1968. 

Biogeography and ecology in South America, 

Vol. I. – Monogr. Biol. 18. The Hague, Dr. W. 

Junk. 

32) FITTKAU, E. J., ILLIES, J., KLINGE, H., 

SCHWABE, G. H. & SIOLI, H. (eds) 1969. 

Biogeography and ecology in South America, 

Vol. II. – Monogr. Biol. 19. The Hague, Dr. W. 

Junk. 

33) FITTKAU, E. J. 1969. The fauna of South 

America. Pp. 624-658 in: FITTKAU, E. J., ILLIES, 

J., KLINGE, H., SCHWABE, G. H. & SIOLI, H. 

(eds): Biogeography and ecology in South 

America, Vol. II. – Monogr. Biol. 19. 

34) FITTKAU, E. J. 1970a. Limnological conditions 

in the headwater region of the Xingu river, 

Brazil. – Trop. Ecol. 11: 20-25. 

35) FITTKAU, E. J. 1970b. Role of the caimans in 

the nutrient regime of mouthlakes of Amazon 

affluents (an hypothesis). – Biotropica 2: 138- 

142. 

36) FITTKAU, E. J. & LEHMANN, J. 1970. Revision 

der Gattung Microricotopus Thien. u. Harn. 

(Dipt., Chironomidae). – Int. Revue ges. 

Hydrobiol. 55: 391-402. 

37) FITTKAU, E. J. 1971a. Distribution and ecology 

of Amazonian chironomids (Diptera). – Can. 

Ent. 103: 407-413. 

38) FITTKAU, E. J. 1971b. Ökologische Gliederung 

des Amazonasgebietes auf geochemischer 

Grundlage. – Münster. Forsch. Geol. Paläont. 

20/21: 35-50. 

39) FITTKAU, E. J. 1971c. Der 

Torsionsmechanismus beim Chironomiden- 

Hypopygium. – Limnologica 8: 27-34. 

40) REISS, F. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1971. Taxonomie 

und Ökologie europäisch verbreiteter 

Tanytarsus-Arten (Chironomidae, Diptera). – 

Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 40: 75-200. 

41) HIRVENOJA, M. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1971. Request 

for ruling on the status of pupal and larval skins 

or pupae and larvae in the Thienemann 

collection, associated with adults which have 

been described and named by Kieffer (Insecta, 

Diptera, Chironomidae), Z.N.(S.) 1968. – Bull. 

Zool. Nomencl. 28: 171-172. 

42) FITTKAU, E. J. 1971d. Esboço de uma divisão 

ecologica da região Amazônica. Pp. 365-372 in: 

IDROBO, I. M. (ed.): II. Symposio y foro de 

biologia tropical Amazonica. Bogotá, Asoc. 

Biologia Tropical, Edit. Pax. 

43) SIOLI, H., FITTKAU, E. J., IRION, G., JUNK, W., 

KLINGE, H., RAI, H. & REISS, F. 1972. Max- 

Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Abt. 

Tropenökologie. Pp. 62-98 in: Schrift des Max- 

Planck-Instituts für Limnologie anläßlich des 

Besuchs des Symposiums Semisaeculare der 

Societas Internationalis Limnologiae in Plön am 

4.10.1972. Plön. 

44) FITTKAU, E. J. 1972. Der Torsionsmechanismus 

beim Chironomiden-Hypopygium. 

(Zusammenfassung) – Proc. 13th Int. Congr. 

Ent. Moscow 1968 3: 456. 

45) PLAGENS, U., FITTKAU, E. J., JONASSON, P. M. 

& BRAUNITZER, G. 1972. Vergleichende 

Untersuchungen der Hämoglobine verschiedener 

Chironomiden. – Abhd. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 

1972: 183-190. 

46) KLINGE, H. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1972. 

Filterfunktionen im Ökosystem des 

zentralamazonischen Regenwaldes. – Mitt. Dt. 

Bodenkundl. Ges. 16: 130-135. 

47) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1973. Amazonische 

Tanytarsini (Chironomidae, Diptera) I. Die 

riopreto-Gruppe der Gattung Tanytarsus. – Stud. 

neotrop. Fauna 8: 1-16. 

48) FITTKAU, E. J. 1973a. Crocodiles and the 

nutrient metabolism of Amazonian waters. – 


49) FITTKAU, E. J. 1973b. Urwälder der Tropen. Pp. 

279-304 in: ILLIES, J. & KLAUSEWITZ, W. (eds): 

Grzimeks Tierleben, Ergänzungsband, Unsere 

Umwelt als Lebensraum – Die Umwelt der Tiere. 

München, Kindler. 

50) FITTKAU, E. J. 1973c. Friedrich Lenz 

14.9.1889-7.9.1972. – Christiana Albertina. 

Kieler Univ.-Z. 15: 91-92. 

50a) FITTKAU, E. J. 1973d. Professor Friedrich 

Lenz 14.9.1889-7.9.1972. – Chironomus 1: 

(12/13): 94-99. 

51) FITTKAU, E. J. & KLINGE, H. 1973. On biomass 

and trophic structure of the central Amazonian 

rain forest ecosystem. – Biotropica 5: 2-14. 

8

52) FITTKAU, E. J. 1973e. Artenmannigfaltigkeit 

amazonischer Lebensräume aus ökologischer 

Sicht. – Amazoniana 4: 321-340. 

53) FITTKAU, E. J. 1974a. Zur ökologischen 

Gliederung Amazoniens I. Die erdgeschichtliche 

Entwicklung Amazoniens. – Amazoniana 5: 77- 

134. 

54) FITTKAU, E. J. 1974b. Ichthyocladius n.gen., 

eine neotropische Gattung der Orthocladiinae 

(Chironomidae, Diptera), deren Larven epizoisch 

auf Welsen (Astroblepidae und Loricariidae) 

leben. – Ent. Tidskr. 95, Suppl.: 91-106. 

55) FITTKAU, E. J. 1974c. La fauna de Sudamerica. 

– Public. Espec. Soc. Biol. Concepción, Chile: 

31 pp. 

56) KLINGE, H., RODRIGUES, W. A., BRÜNIG, E. & 

FITTKAU, E. J. 1975. Biomass and structure in a 

central Amazonian rain forest. Pp. 115-122 in: 

Golley, F. B. & Medina, E. (eds): Tropical 

ecological systems. Trends in terrestrial and 

aquatic research. New York etc., Springer. 

57) FITTKAU, E. J., IRMLER, U., JUNK, W., REISS, F. 

& SCHMIDT, G. W. 1975. Productivity, biomass 

and population dynamics in Amazonian water 

bodies. Pp. 289-311 in: Golley, F. B. & Medina, 

E. (eds): Tropical ecological systems. Trends in 

terrestrial and aquatic research. New York etc., 

Springer. 

58) FITTKAU, E. J., JUNK, W., KLINGE, H. & SIOLI, 

H. 1975. Substrate and vegetation in the Amazon 

region. Pp. 73-90 in: Tuxen, R. (ed.): Vegetation 

und Substrat. – Ber. Int. Symp. Int. Ver. 

Vegetationsk. 

59) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1976. Die 

Chironomidentypen und ihr Erhaltungszustand 

in der Sammlung des Muséum National 

d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. – Chironomus 1: 

(17/18): 146-150. 

60) FITTKAU, E. J. 1976a. Kinal und Kinon, 

Lebensraum und Lebensgemeinschaft der 

Oberflächendrift am Beispiel amazonischer 

Fließgewässer. – Biogeographica 7: 101-113. 

61) FITTKAU, E. J. 1976b. An ecological 

perspective of species diversity in an Amazonian 

context. – Animal Res. Develop. 3: 64-85. 

62) FITTKAU, E. J., REISS, F. & HOFFRICHTER, O. 

1977. A bibliography of the Chironomidae 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). – Gunneria 

(Trondheim) 26: 1-177. 

63) FITTKAU, E. J. 1977a. Zur Geschichte der 

Zoologischen Staatssammlung. – Jber. 

Generaldir. Staatl. Naturwiss. Samml. Bayerns 

1976: 53-61. 

64) FITTKAU, E. J. 1977b. Kinal and kinon, habitat 

and coenosis of the surface drift as seen in 

Amazonian running waters. – Geo-Eco-Trop. 1: 

9-21. 

65) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1978a. 

Chironomidae. Pp. 404-440 in: ILLIES, J. (ed.) 

Limnofauna Europaea, 2. Aufl. Stuttgart, G. 

Fischer, and Amsterdam, Swets & Zeitlinger. 

66) FITTKAU, E. J. 1978a. Naturhistorische Museen 

und Ökologie – Museumskunde 43: 23-28. 

67) FITTKAU, E. J. 1978b. Sich abzeichnende 

Verbreitungsmuster in der neotropischennearktischen 

Chironomidenfauna. – Mitt. Dt. 

Ges. allg. angew. Ent. 1: 77-81. 

67a) FITTKAU, E. J., REISS, F., SUBLETTE, J. E. & 

SUBLETTE, M. (eds) 1978-1984. Chironomus 2: 

(1-4): 36 pp.; 3: (1-2): 18 pp. 

68) FITTKAU, E. J. 1979. Von Atheta zu Aphrotenia 

– zur Entwicklung der Chironomidenforschung 

unter Prof. Dr. Lars Brundin. – Ent. scand. 

Suppl. 10: 7-13. 

69) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1979b. Die 

zoogeographische Sonderstellung der 

neotropischen Chironomiden, Diptera. – 

Spixiana 2: 273-280. 

70) FITTKAU, E. J. 1980. Ein zoogeographischer 

Vergleich der Chironomiden der Westpalaearktis 

und der Aethiopis. Pp. 139-143 in: MURRAY, D. 

A. (ed.): Chironomidae. Ecology, systematics, 

cytology and physiology. Oxford and New York, 

Pergamon Press. 

71) FITTKAU, E. J. & STÜRMER, W. 1980. Cymbium 

gracile (Broderip, 1830) und Cymbium 

marmoratum Link, 1807, zwei gültige Arten. – 

Spixiana 3: 295-305. 

72) FITTKAU, E. J. 1981a. Armut in der Vielfalt – 

Amazonien als Lebensraum für Weichtiere. – 

Mitt. Zool. Ges. Braunau 3: 329-343. 

73) FITTKAU, E. J. 1981b. Fülle in der Armut – vom 

tropischen Urwald. Pp. 31-40 in: Grün soll die 

Erde bleiben. Verlag Mensch und Arbeit. 

74) FITTKAU, E. J. 1981c. Münchens erster 

Zoologe, Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix. – 

Jahrb. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 57-60. 

75) FITTKAU, E. J. 1982a. Der tropische Regenwald 

– Kulturraum und Rückzugsgebiet des 

Menschen. Pp. 451-490 in: Kindlers 

Enzyklopädie "Der Mensch", 2. Band. 

76) FITTKAU, E. J. 1982b. Laudatio auf Ritter von 

Spix. – Jber. Generaldir. Staatl. Naturwiss. 

Samml. Bayerns 1981: 35-42. 

77) FITTKAU, E. J. 1982c. Struktur, Funktion und 

Diversität zentralamazonischer Ökosysteme. – 


78) FITTKAU, E. J. & REICHHOLF, J. H. 1982. 

Environmental stability and human evolution. – 

Spixiana 5: 323-328. 

79) FITTKAU, E. J. 1982d. Vorwort. Pp. 1-3 in: Die 

Fauna des Murnauer Mooses. Faunistische 

Bestandsaufnahme eines Naturschutzgebietes in 

Oberbayern. 

9

80) FITTKAU, E. J. 1982e. In memoriam Prof. Dr. J. 

Illies, 23.3.1925-3.6.1982. – Stud. Neotrop. 

Fauna Envir. 17: 169-173. 

81) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1983. Versuch der 

Rekonstruktion der Fauna europäischer Ströme 

und ihrer Auen. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 97: 1-6. 

82) FITTKAU, E. J. & MURRAY, D. A. 1983. 

Pentaneurella katterjokki, eine neue Gattung und 

Art der Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). – 

Nachr.bl. Bayer. Ent. 32: 57-63. 

83) FITTKAU, E. J. & ROBACK, S. S. 1983. The 

larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) 

of the Holarctic region. - Keys and diagnoses. – 

Ent. scand. Suppl. 19: 33-110. 

84) FITTKAU, E. J. & REICHHOLF, J. H. 1983. 

Amazonia: a challenge for the future. 

Introductory remarks - Ecological structures and 

problems of Amazonia. – The Environmentalist 

3, Suppl. 5: 5-6. 

85) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983a. Flow of nutrients in a 

large open system: the basis of life in Amazonia. 

– The Environmentalist 3, Suppl. 5: 41-49. 

86) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983b. Lebendfunde von 

Theodoxus transversalis (C. Pfeiffer) in der Alz. 

– Mitt. Zool. Ges. Braunau 4: 185-186. 

87) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983c. (ed.): Festschrift zu 

Ehren von Dr. Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix. – 

Spixiana, Suppl. 9: 1-441. 

88) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983d. Johann Baptist Ritter von 

Spix. Sein Leben und sein wissenschaftliches 

Werk. – Spixiana, Suppl. 9: 11-18. 

89) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983e. Grundlagen der Ökologie 

Amazoniens. – Versuch einer Zusammenschau. 

– Spixiana, Suppl. 9: 201-218. 

90) FITTKAU, E. J. 1983f. Einleitung. In: Die 

faunistische Erfassung ausgewählter 

Wasserinsektengruppen in Bayern. – Inf.ber. 

Bayer. Landesamt. Wasserwirt. 7: 7-8. 

91) ENGELHARDT, W. & FITTKAU, E. J. (eds) 1984. 

Tropische Regenwälder, eine globale 

Herausforderung. – Spixiana., Suppl. 10: 1-160. 

92) FITTKAU, E. J. 1984. Tropischer Regenwald. 

Die Zusammenhänge. – Spixiana, Suppl. 10: 47- 

54. 

93) FITTKAU, E. J. & STÜRMER, W. 1985. Cymbium 

fragile, eine neue afrikanische Volute 

(Volutidae, Gastropoda). – Spixiana 8: 83-92. 

94) FITTKAU, E. J. & SCHMITZ, W. 1985. In 

memoriam Joachim Illies. – Arch. Hydrobiol. 

103: 381-405. 

95) FITTKAU, E. J. 1985a. Ökologische und 

faunenhistorische Zoogeographie der tropischen 

Regenwälder – Versuch eines Vergleiches. – 

Verh. Dt. Zool. Ges. 78: 137-146. 

95a) FITTKAU, E. J. (ed.) 1985b. Beiträge zur 

Systematik der Chironomidae, Diptera. – 

Spixiana, Suppl. 11: 215 pp. 

10 

96) MURRAY, D. A. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1985. 

Hayesomyia a new genus of Tanypodinae from 

the Holarctic (Diptera, Chironomidae). – 


97) FITTKAU, E. J. & MURRAY, D. A. 1985. E. J. 

Fittkau & D. A. Murray: Radotanypus a new 

genus of Tanypodinae from the Nearctic 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). – Spixiana, Suppl. 11: 

209-213. 

98) FITTKAU, E. J. 1985c. Vorwort. In: Beiträge zur 

Systematik der Chironomidae, Diptera. – 


99) FITTKAU, E. J. & MURRAY, D. A. 1986. The 

pupae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) 

of the Holarctic region. – Keys and diagnoses. – 

Ent. scand. Suppl. 34: 38-123. 

100) FITTKAU, E. J. 1986. A situação da fauna das 

florestas tropicais: causas, consequências e 

correções. – An. 1. Simp. Trópico Umido, Belém, 

Para 1984, 5: 383-388. 

101) FITTKAU, E. J. 1987a. Tropische Regenwälder 

– Ihre ökologischen Probleme am Beispiel 

Amazoniens. Pp. 61-80 in: ENGELS, W. (ed.): 

Die Tropen als Lebensraum. Tübingen, 

Attempto Verlag. 

102) FITTKAU, E. J. 1987b. Conocimiento actual 

sobre la colonización de la región tropical 

Sudamericana por insectos acuáticos y su 

historia evolutiva, con especial referencia a los 

Chironómidos. – An. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaíso 

17: 97-103. 

103) FITTKAU, E. J. 1987c. La fauna de los bosques 

lluiosos Neotropicales. – An. Mus. Hist. Nat. 

Valparaíso 17: 32-41. 

103a) FITTKAU, E. J. (ed.) 1988a. Festschrift zu 

Ehren von Lars Brundin. – Spixiana, Suppl. 14: 

259 pp. 

104) FITTKAU, E. J. 1988b. Lars Brundin zum 80. 

Geburtstag. – Spixiana, Suppl. 14: 4. 

105) MURRAY, D. A. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1988. 

Schineriella schineri gen. nov., comb.nov., 

placement of Tanypus schineri Strobl 1880 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). – Spixiana, Suppl. 14: 

247-252. 

106) FITTKAU, E. J. & MURRAY, D. A. 1988. 

Bethbilbeckia floridensis: a new genus and 

species of Macropelopiini from the South 

Eastern Nearctic (Diptera: Chironomidae). – 


107) FREY, H. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1989a. Das 

Museum G. Frey "national wertvolles Kulturgut" 

der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. – Spixiana 11: 

193-197. 

108) FREY, H. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1989b. The 

Museum G. Frey "national treasure" of the 

Federal Republic of Germany. – Spixiana 11: 

201-204.

109) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989a. Zwischen Anden und 

Atlantik, Südamerikaforschung von Hans Krieg 

– Jber. Generaldir. Staatl. Naturwiss. Samml. 

Bayerns 1988: 27-33. 

110) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989b. Zur Ökologie tropischer 

Regenwälder. Pp. 11-23 in: Gesellschaft für 

ökologische Forschung (ed.): Amazonien. Ein 

Lebensraum wird zerstört. – München, Raben 

Verlag. 

111) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989c. Ökologische 

Voraussetzung Amazoniens für die Besiedlung 

durch indianische Ethnien. Pp. 123-140 in: 

HARTMANN, G. (ed.): Amazonien im Umbruch. – 

Berlin, D. Reimer. 

112) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989d. Erwin Lindner 

*07.04.1888 †30.11.1988. – Verh. Dt. Zool. Ges. 

82: 327-328 (1989). 

113) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989e. One and a half century 

of research in Chironomidae; neglected for long 

by entomology, this family of insects is 

becoming a focus of multidisciplinary research 

in modern biology. PP. 180-189 in: MIYAMOTO, 

T. (ed.): International symposium on mite and 

midge allergy. – Jpn. Ministry Educ., Sci. and 

Cult., Tokyo, iv+372 pp. 

114) FITTKAU, E. J. 1989f. Vorwort. Pp. 5-6 in: 

KIEFER, B. (ed.): Der Maler Michael Mathias 

Kiefer 1902-1980. Bad Wörishofen, Holzmann. 

115) MURRAY, D. A. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1989. The 

adult males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys 

and diagnoses. – Ent. scand. Suppl. 34: 38-123. 

116) FITTKAU, E. J., COLLING, M., HESS, M., 

HOFMANN, G., ORENDT, C., REIFF, N. & RISS, 

W. 1990. Erhebung trophie-indikativer 

Biozönosen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung 

kleinräumiger Auflösung der Indikation im 

Litoralbereich. – Abschlußber. Bayer. Landesamt 

Wasserwirt., München, 254 pp. 

117) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990a. Vorwort. Pp. 6-7 in: 

REICHHOLF, J.: Der unersetzliche Dschungel. 

Leben, Gefährdung und Rettung des Tropischen 

Regenwaldes. München, BLV. 

118) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990b. Vorwort. P. 7 in: 

WENDLER, M.: Pantanal – Amphibisches 

Wunderland. Freiburg, Schillinger. 

119) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990c. Das Gesetz des 

Dschungels: In Armut üppig leben. Pp. 72-115 

in: BLÜCHEL, G. (ed.): Tropischer Regenwald – 

Der Garten Eden darf nicht sterben. Ed. Pro 

Terra. 

120) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990d. Vorwort. In: 

TASCHNER, F.: Mit dem Schmetterlingsnetz um 

die Welt. München, im Selbstverlag,. 

121) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990e. Die Tierwelt Chiles. Pp. 

109-113 in: Chile, Reisland zwischen Pazifik und 

Kordillere. Bewang (Tyrolia), Steiger. 

11 

122) FITTKAU, E. J. 1990f. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Georg 

Mothes 23.6.1933-27.2.1986. – Acta Biol. Debr. 

Oecol. Hung. 2: 37-39. 

123) FITTKAU, E. J. 1991a. Gefährdet der 

Weltagrarhandel den Regenwald? Pp. 128-14 in: 

JOSITZ, J. (ed.): Akademie Report: Der 

Weltagrarhandel im Spannungsfeld 

ökonomischer und ökologischer Interessen. 

München, Hanns-Seidel-Stifung, e.V. 

124) FITTKAU, E. J. 1991b. Tropische Regenwälder 

– Ökologische Zusammenhänge Pp. 27-6 in: 

ISENBERG, W. (ed.): Das Ende der Grünen 

Hölle? Bensberger Protok. 66, Schriftenr. Th.- 

Morus-Akad. Bensberg, Bergisch-Gladbach. 

125) FITTKAU, E. J. 1992a. Die grüne Wüste - Hat 

der tropische Regenwald eine Zukunft? – Z. 

polit. Bildg. 3: 36-41. 

126) FITTKAU, E. J. 1992b. Starker Tobak gegen 

Bauchweh. – Ein Herz für Tiere Extra 2, 

Weltwunder Regenwald: 32-34. 

127) FITTKAU, E. J. 1992c. Vierzig Jahre 

Limnologische Flußstation Schlitz – Ein Kapitel 

der Geschichte deutscher Limnologie. Pp. 1-17 

in: Vierzigjähriges Jubiläum der Limnologischen 

Flußstation Schlitz des Max-Planck-Instituts für 

Limnologie am 4. Juni 1991 – Festvorträge. 

Schlitz. 

128) FITTKAU, E. J. 1992d. Zoologie. Pp. 785-824 

in: WERZ, N. (ed.): Handbuch der 

deutschsprachigen Lateinamerikakunde. – 

Freiburger Beitr. Entwicklg. u. Politik. A. 

Bergstraesser Inst. 

129) FITTKAU, E. J. 1992e. Vom Naturalienkabinett 

zum modernen Forschungsinstitut: Geschichte 

und Bedeutung der Zoologischen 

Staatssammlung. – Spixiana, Suppl. 17: 24-34. 

130) FITTKAU, E. J., COLLING, M., HESS, M., 

HOFMANN, G., ORENDT, C., REIFF, N. & RISS, 

W. 1992. Biologische Trophieindikation im 

Litoral von Seen. – Info.ber. Bayer. Landesamt 

Wasserwirt. 7: 1-184. 

131) FITTKAU, E. J. & PARTH, M. 1993. Colubraria 

kathiewayana, spec. nov. from Brazil (Mollusca, 

Gastropoda, Buccinidae). Spixiana 16: 189-190. 

132) FITTKAU, E. J. 1993a. Diversität der 

Gewässerfauna. Pp. 55-68 in: Bayer. Akad. 

Wiss. (ed.): Dynamik von Flora und Fauna – 

Artenvielfalt und ihre Erhaltung. Rundgespr. 

Kommiss. Ökol. 6. 

133) FITTKAU, E. J. 1993b. Tropische Regenwälder 

– unverzichtbares Naturgut. Pp. 218- 220 in: Die 

Weisheit der Wildnis, Schatzkammer Regenwald. 

Ed. Pro Terra. 

134) FITTKAU, E. J. 1993c. Investigación zoológica 

alemana en la época de Burmeister y en la 

actualidad. – Actas Simpós. Hermann 

Burmeister (Buenos Aires): 47-52.

135) SPIES, M., FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1994. 

The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921, 

from the Neotropical faunal region (Insecta, 

Diptera, Chironomidae). –Spixiana, Suppl. 20: 

61-98. 

136) FITTKAU, E. J. 1994. Johann Baptist von Spix, 

Zoologe und Brasilienforscher. Pp. 53-74 in: 

HELLBIG, J. (ed.): Brasilianische Reise 1817- 

1820. Carl Friedrich von Martius zum 200. 

Geburtstag. München, Hirmer. 

137) FITTKAU, E. J. 1995a. In memory of Lars 

Brundin. Pp. 3-9 in: CRANSTON, P. S. (ed.): 

Chironomids. From genes to ecosystems. East 

Melbourne, CSIRO. 

138) FITTKAU, E. J. 1995b. Johann Baptist Ritter 

von Spix - In: Bayerische Akademie der 

Wissenschaften (Hrg.). Bayerische 

Tropenforschung - Einst und jetzt, 

Rundgespräche der Kommission für Ökologie 

10: 29-42. 

139) FITTKAU, E. J. 1995c. Struktur und Funktion 

limnischer Ökosysteme Amazoniens. Pp. 81-93 

in: Bayer. Akad. Wiss. (ed.): Bayerische 

Tropenforschung - einst und jetzt. Rundgespr. 

Kommiss. Ökol. 10. 

140) BIDAWID, N. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1995. Zur 

Kenntnis der neotropischen Arten der Gattung 

Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. Teil I. (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). – Entomofauna 16: 465-536. 

141) FITTKAU, E. J. 1995d. Vorwort. In: BOGNER, 

B.: Die Pfahlbauten der Asmat. Ethnographische 

Notizen über die Pfahlbauten und 

Siedlungsweisen der Asmat von Irian Jaya 

(Südwest- Neuguinea), Indonesien. Schriftenr. 

GEN – Sammlg. völkerkundl. Monogr. 

142) FITTKAU, E. J. 1996. Vorwort. In: SCHÄFER, 

H.: Die fantastische Welt der exotischen Wanzen 

und Zikaden. München, im Selbstverlag. 

143) FITTKAU, E. J. 1997a. Structure, function and 

diversity of central Amazonian ecosystems. – 

Nat. Resources Develop. 45/46: 28-41. 

144) STUR, E. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1997. Diagnostic 

characters distinguishing the larvae of 

Ablabesmyia and Paramerina, and first record of 

Paramerina in Brazil (Insecta, Diptera, 

Chironomidae). – Spixiana 20:161-165. 

145) WIEDENBRUG, S. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1997. 

Oliveiriella almeidai (Oliveira, 1946), gen. nov., 

comb. nov., from South America with 

description of the pupae (Insecta, Diptera, 

Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). – Spixiana 20: 

167-172. 

146) MESSIAS, M. C. & FITTKAU, E. J. 1997. Two 

new species of the Neotropical genus Oukuriella 

Epler, 1986 ( Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae) – 

Spixiana 20: 255-260. 

147) FITTKAU, E. J. 1997b. Prof. Dr. Paul Seibert 

(1921-1997) – gtö-Rundbr. 23: 11-12. 

12 

148) WIEDENBRUG, S., REISS, F. & FITTKAU, E. J. 

1998. Nandeva, gen. nov., a new genus of 

Chironomini (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae) – 

Spixiana 21: 59-68. 

149) FITTKAU, E. J. & REISS, F. 1999. Micropsectra 

pharetrophora, a new species of Tanytarsini 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) constructing portable 

larval cases. – J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 71: 226-233. 

150) FITTKAU, E. J. & SPIES, M. 1999. In memory 

of Friedrich Reiss (24 December 1937 - 17 

August 1999). – Chironomus 12: 17-23. 

151) FITTKAU, E. J. & SPIES, M. 2000. In memory 

of Friedrich Reiss (24 December 1937 - 17 

August 1999). – Spixiana 23: 97-99. 

152) MESSIAS, M. C., FITTKAU, E. J. & OLIVEIRA, 

S. J. DE 2000. A new species of the genus 

Oukuriella Epler (Diptera, Chironomidae, 

Chironominae) with first descriptions of 

immature stages of the genus. Pp. 183-188 in: 

Hoffrichter, O. (ed.): Late 20th century research 

on Chironomidae: an anthology from the 13th 

International Symposium on Chironomidae. 

Freiburg, Shaker. 

153) STUR, E., NOLTE, U. & FITTKAU, E. J. 2000. 

Chironomids from a surface-drift habitat in an 

intermittent stream in tropical Brazil. Pp. 425- 

432 in: Hoffrichter, O. (ed.): Late 20th century 

research on Chironomidae: an anthology from 

the 13th International Symposium on 

Chironomidae. Freiburg, Shaker. 

154) MESSIAS, M. C., OLIVEIRA, S. J. DE & 

FITTKAU, E. J. 2000. A new species of the 

Neotropical genus Oukuriella Epler (Diptera, 

Chironomidae, Chironominae). – Aquatic Ins. 

22: 161-164. 

155) FITTKAU, E. J. 2000. Nachruf / Obituary Dr. 

Friedrich Reiss (1937-1999). – Amazoniana 16: 

277-282. 

156) FITTKAU, E. J. 2001a. In memoriam Hans- 

Wilhelm Koepcke 23.6.1914 - 21.11.2000. – gtö- 

Rundbr. 27:14-15. 

156a) FITTKAU, E. J. 2001b. Dankesworte 

anlässlich der Verleihung der Meigen-Medaille. 

– Mitt. Dt. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 13: 20. 

157) FITTKAU, E. J. 2001c. Amazonian 

Chironomidae (Diptera, Chironomidae): a 

contribution to chironomid research in the 

Neotropics. – Amazoniana 16: 313-323. 

158) FITTKAU, E. J. 2001d. Johann Baptist Ritter 

von Spix – Primeiro zoólogo de Munique e 

pesquisador no Brasil. História Ciências Saúde 

Manginhos, VIII (Suppl.):1109-1135. 

159) FITTKAU, E. J. 2001e. Hans-Wilhelm 

Koepcke. 23 June 1914 - 21 November 2000. – 

Ecotropica 7: 155-156.

160) FITTKAU, E. J. (in press): Chironomid research 

in South America – a review and outlook for the 

future. Proc. 14th Int. Sympos. on 

Chironomidae. 

161) SANSEVERINO, A. M., WIEDENBRUG, S. & 

FITTKAU, E. J. (in press): A new species group in 

the genus Tanytarsus Van der Wulp from the 

Neotropics. Proc. 14th Int. Sympos. on 

Chironomidae. 

“THE NEWSLETTER GRANT” 

13 

162) STUR, E., FITTKAU, E. J. & SERRANO, M. A. 

(in press): Male, female, pupa and larva of 

Parapentaneura bentogomensis gen. n., sp. n., a 

new Tanypodinae from Brazil (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). Proc. 14th Int. Sympos. on 

Chironomidae. 

163) MESSIAS, M. C. & FITTKAU, E. J. (in press): 

On a new Neotropical genus of Chironomini 

(Diptera: Chironomidae, Chironominae). Proc. 

14th Int. Sympos. on Chironomidae. 

Three grants each of US$ 500 will be given to scientists or students from Africa, Asia, the 

former East European states, and Central and South America to enable them to attend the XV 

International Symposium on Chironomidae in St. Paul, Minnesota in August 2003. To be 

considered, the applicant should give a presentation at the symposium, either oral or as a 

poster. 

Applications should be sent to Trond Andersen before December 1, 2002, and the allocation 

will be decided by December 15. It will be understood that applicants do not get their 

expenses covered from other sources. 

Address for applications: Trond Andersen, Museum of Zoology, Muséplass 3, N-5007 

Bergen, Norway. (e-mail: trond.andersen@zmb.uib.no)

CURRENT RESEARCH 

NEW COMBINATIONS AND SYNONYMS IN EUROPEAN 

Pseudosmittia GOETGHEBUER AND RELATED GENERA. 

By 0. A. Sæther & L. C. Ferrington Jr. 

Museum of Zoology. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 

and Department of Entomology University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. USA 

When one of us (0. A. S) was on sabbatical 

with the other at the University of Kansas a 

revision of the genus Pseudosmittia 

Goetghebuer was started and a preliminary 

manuscript describing and re-describing nearly 

100 species assignable to the genus was 

completed. Due to various circumstances, 

including a change of venue for one of us (L. 

C. F) from Lawrence, Kansas, to the 

University of Minnesota in St. Paul, 

Minnesota, the publication date has been 

delayed. Recently, however, one of us (0. A. 

S.) was requested to summarize the 

chironomids in the Fauna Europaea project, a 

database which will include all terrestrial and 

aquatic animals of Europe with their 

distribution in respective countries. Further 

information is obtainable on 

http://www.faunaeur.org. The database will 

eventually result in a variety of publications 

for the different groups, but new synonyms and 

combinations known to us should not be 

introduced in the data base, and we believe it is 

not desirable to use knowingly wrong names 

and combinations in the data base. We thus 

find it necessary to publish a list of the types 

which will cause changes to the nomenclature 

of the European species. We have examined 

the type material of most relevant museums, 

but a few remain to be investigated. Here we 

are listing only new combinations, new 

synonyms, new nomina dubia or other changes 

relative to the catalogue by Ashe & Cranston 

(1990). 

The following abbreviations for collections are 

used: 

BMNH: The Natural History Museum (British 

Museum, Natural History), London. England 

IRSN: Institute Royal de Science Naturelles de 

Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium. 

NMS: Natur-Museum Senckenherg, Frankfurt 

Am Main, Germany. 

ZMB: Museum of Zoology, University of 

Bergen, Norway. 

14 

ZMH: Zoological Museum, University of 

Helsinki, Finland. 

ZMO: Zoological Museum. University of 

Oslo, Norway. 

ZSM: Zoologisches Staatssammlung, Munich, 

Germany. 

New generic placements 

Dactylocladius albipennis Goetghebuer, 1921: 

85 

[= Pseudosmittia albipennis (Goetghebuer) 

comb. n.] Holotype male in IRSN. 

Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) brevifurcatus 

Edwards, 1926: 781 

[= Pseudosmittia brevifurcata (Edwards) 

comb. n.] Types in BMNH. 

Lindebergia bothnica Tuiskunen, 1984:121 

[= Pseudosmittia bothnica (Tuiskunen) comb. 

n.] Holotype male in ZMH. 

Smittia lacunarum Goetghebuer, 1931: 217 

[= Bryophaenocladius lacunarum 

(Goetghebuer) comb. n.] Holotype male in 

IRSN. 

Smittia (Pseudosmittia) terrestris Goetghebuer, 

1943: 109 

[= Bryophaenocladius terrestris (Goetghebuer) 

comb. n.] Holotype female in IRSN. 

New synonyms 

Pseudosmittia amamibifurca Sasa, 1990: 132 

(=Pseudosmittia mathildae Albu, 1968, syn. 

n.) 

Pseudosmittia antillaria Sæther, 1981: 29 [= 

Pseudosmittia forcipata (Goetghebuer, 1921) 

syn. n.] Holotype male in ZMB. 

Pseudosmittia arenaria flava Strenzke, 1960: 

419 (= Pseudosmittia arenaria Strenzke, 1960, 

syn. n.) Holotype female in NMS. 

Smittia avicularia Goetghebuer, 1950: 13 [= 

Pseudosmittia trilobata (Edwards, 1929) syn. 

n.] Holotype male in IRSN.

Smittia brachyptera Goetghebuer, 1934: 389 

[= Pseudosmittia conjuncta (Edwards, 1929) 

comb. n.] Holotype male in IRSN. 

Pseudosmittia brevitarsis Brundin, 1947: 40 (= 

Pseudosmittia ruttneri Strenzke & Thienemann 

1942, syn. n.). The type could not be located. 

Spaniotoma (Smittia) curticosta Edwards, 

1929: 364 [= Pseudosmittia albipennis 

(Goetghebuer, 1921) syn. n.] Holotype male in 

BMNH. 

Smittia hamata Freeman, 1956: 355 [= 

Pseudosmittia danconai (Marcuzzi, 1947) syn. 

n.] Holotype male in NMS. Paratypes in 

BMNH also examined. 

Pseudosmittia linguata Caspers & Reiss, 1989: 

128 (= Pseudosmittia nishiharaensis Sasa & 

Hasegawa, 1988: 247). Holotype male in ZSM. 

Pseudosmittia kurobaokasia Sasa & Okazawa, 

1992a: 57 (= Pseudosmittia ruttneri Strenzke 

& Thienemann, 1942. syn. n.) 

Smittia longitibia Goetghebuer, 1933: 29 [= 

Pseudosmittia nanseni (Kieffer, 1926) syn. n.] 

Holotype male in ZMO. 

Pseudosmittia mediocarinata Caspers & Reiss, 

1989: 132 [= Pseudosmittia nanseni (Kieffer 

1926) syn. n.] Holotype male in ZSM. 

Smittia oxoniana Edwards, 1937: 146 not 

Edwards, 1922:204 (= Pseudosmittia ruttneri 

Strenzke & Thienemann, 1942 syn. n.) 

Spaniotoma (Smittia) recta Edwards, 1929: 

362 [= Pseudosmittia oxoniana (Edwards), 

Edwards, 1922, not Edwards, 1937, syn. n.] 

Pseudosmittia schachti Caspers & Reiss, 

1989: 130 (= Pseudosmittia ruttneri Strenzke 

& Thienemann, 1942, syn. n.) Holotype male 

in ZSM. Paratype male misidentified P. 

oxoniana (Edwards). 

Spaniotoma (Smittia) scotica Edwards, 1929: 

363 [= Camptocladius stercorarius (De Geer, 

1776) syn. n.] Holotype female in BMNH. 

Smittia (Orthosmittia) subrecta Goetghebuer, 

1942: 112 [= Parakieffèriella coronata 

(Edwards, 1929) syn. n.] Types in IRSN. 

Pseudosmittia togadistalis Sasa, Watanabe & 

Arakawa,1992: 233 [=Pseudosmittia gracilis 

(Goetghebuer, 1913) syn. n.] 

Pseudosmittia togarisea Sasa & Okazawa, 

1992b: 160 [=Pseudosmittia oxoniana 

(Edwards, 1922) syn. n.] 

15 

Pseudosmittia togasitea Sasa & Okazawa, 

1992b: 161 [=Camptocladius stercorarius (De 

Geer, 1776) syn. n.] 

Pseudosmittia togativea Sasa & Okazawa, 

1992b: 162 [=Camptocladius stercorarius (De 

Geer, 1776) syn. n.] 

Smittia triappendiculata Goetghebuer, 1931: 

216 [= Pseudosmittia forcipata (Goetghebuer, 

1921) syn. n.] Holotype male in IRSN. 

Negation of synonymy 

Pseudosmittia triplex Strenzke, 1950: 301. 

Valid species and not a synonym of P. 

forcipata (Goetghebuer, 1921) as stated in 

Ashe & Cranston (1990). Holotype male in 

NMS. 

New status 

Pseudosmittia virgo montana Strenzke, 1950: 

303 (= Pseudosmittia montana Strenzke stat. 

n.) Holotype male with pupal exuviae in NMS. 

Nomina dubia 

Camptocladius flaviventris Kieffer, 192la: 289, 

nomen dubium. The type could not be located. 

Camptocladius hexalobus Kieffer, 1924: 395 

(= Pseudosmittia hexalobus Kieffer, nomen 

dubium). Type lost. A likely senior synonym 

of either P. trilobata or P. obtusa. 

Camptocladius longicrus Kieffer, 1921b: 100, 

nomen dubium. Type lost. A pupal exuviae 

from NMS is marked type, but collected in 

1941 and thus wrongly marked. 

Pseudosmittia restricta Brundin, 1956: 170, 

nomen dubium. The type could not be found. 

The species cannot belong in Pseudosmittia if 

the description is correct as a distinct scutal 

hump is present and the genitalia differ from 

all other known species. 

Smittia (Pseudosmittia) tenebrosa 

Goetghebuer, 1943: 109 [= Pseudosmittia 

tenebrosa (Goetghebuer) nomen dubium]. 

Holotype male in IRSN. Mounted between two 

plastic strips on a pin and ruined in attempt of 

remounting. Probably a synonym of P. simplex 

Strenzke & Thienemann. 

Camptocladius trifoliatus Kieffer, 1924: 73, 

nomen dubium. The type could not be located. 

Smittia (Pseudosmittia) vicana Goetghebuer, 

1943: 110 [= Pseudosmittia vicana 

(Goetghebuer), nomen dubium]. The female 

holotype supposedly in IRSN could not be 

found.

References 

ALBU. P. 1968. Pseudosmittia mathildae sp. n. 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). - Annls Zool. fenn. 5:4- 

5. 

ASHE, P. & CRANSTON. P. S. 1990. Family 

Chironomidae. Pages 113-355. in Soos A. and 

PAPP L. (eds): Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. 

Vol. 2 Psychodidae — Chironomidae. - 

Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 499 pp. 

BRUNDIN. L. 1947. Zur Kenntnis der schwedischen 

Chironomiden. - Ark. Zool. 39 A: 1-95. 

BRUNDIN, L. 1956. Zur Systematik der 

Orthocladiinae (Dipt., Chironomidae). - 

Rep.Inst.Freshwat. Res. Drottningholm 37: 5- 

185. 

CASPERS. N. & REISS. F. 1989. Die Chironomidae 

der Türkei. Teil 1: Podonominae, Diamesinae, 

Prodiamesinae, Orthocladiinae (Diptera, 

Nematocera. Chironomidae). - Entomofauna 10: 

105—160. 

EDWARDS, F. W. 1922. Results of the Oxford 

University Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1921. - 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 10: 193-215. 

EDWARDS, F. W. 1926. On marine Chironomidae 

(Diptera) with descriptions of a new genus and 

four new species from Samoa. - Proc. Zool. 

Soc. Lond., 1926: 779-806. 

EDWARDS. F. W. 1929. British non-biting midges 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). - Trans. Ent. Soc. 

Lond. 77: 279-430. 

EDWARDS, F. W. 1937. Chironomidae (Diptera) 

collected by Prof. Aug. Thienemann in Swedish 

Lappland. - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 20: 140- 

148. 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1921. Chironomides de 

Belgique et spécialement de la zone des 

Flandres. - Mém. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. 8:1- 

211. 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1931. Ceratopogonidae et 

Chironomidae nouveaux d’Europe. - Bull. Annls 

Soc. R. ent. Belg. 71: 211-218. 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1933. Chironomides du 

Groenland oriental, du Svalbard et de la terre de 

Francois Joseph. - Skr. Svalbard Ishavet 53: 19- 

31.0 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1934. Note sur un nouveau 

Chironomide brachyptêre. - Bull. Annls Soc. R. 

ent. Belg. 74: 388-390. 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1942. 13g. Tendipedidae 

(Chironomidae). f) Subfamilie Orthocladiinae. 

A. Die Imagines (part). - Fliegen pal. Reg. 3(1): 

25-64. 

GOETGHEBUER, M. 1950. Ceratopogonidae et 

Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus 

d’Europe (Treizième note). - Bull. Inst. R. Sci. 

nat. Belg. 25 (14): 1-8. 

KIEFFER, J. J. 1921a. Chironomides de Courlande. - 

Annls Soc. Scient. Brux. 40: 275-298. 

16 

KIEFFER, J. J. 1921b. Chironomides nouveaux ou 

peu connus de la region paléarctique. - Bull. Soc. 

Hist. Nat. Metz 29: 51-109. 

KIEFFER, J. J. 1924. Quelques Chironomides 

nouveaux et remarquables du Nord de 1’Europe. 

- Annls Soc. Scient. Brux 43: 390-397. 

KIEFFER, J. J. 1926. Chironomiden der 2. Fram- 

Expedition (1898-1902). - Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 

(1925) 2: 78-89. 

MARCUZZI, G. 1947. Descrizione di tre nuove 

specie di Smittia della Laguna di Venezia. - Boll. 

Soc. Ent. ital. 77: 9-13. 

PINDER, L. C. V. 1978. A key to adult males of 

British Chironomidae. Part 1. The key; part 2. 

Illustrations of the hypopygia. - Scient. Publs 

Freshwat. biol. Ass. 37, 169 pp.; 189 Figs. 

SÆTHER, 0. A. 1981. Orthocladiinae (Diptera. 

Chironomidae) from the British West Indies,with 

descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., 

Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia 

n.gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. - Ent. scand., 

Suppl. 16, 46 pp. 

SASA, M. 1984. Studies on chironomid midges in 

lakes of the Nikko National Park. Pt. II. 

Taxonomical and morphological studies on the 

chironomid species collected from lakes in the 

Nikko National Park. - Res. Rep. Nat. inst. 

envir. Stud. 70: 16-2 15. 

SASA, M. 1990. Studies on the chironomid midges 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Nansei Islands, 

Southern Japan. - Japan J. Exp. Med. 60: 111- 

165. 

SASA, M.. & HASEGAWA, H. 1988. Additional 

records of the chironomid midges from the 

Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). - Jpn. J. sanit. Zool. 39: 229- 

256. 

SASA, M.. & OKAZAWA, T. 1992a. Studies on the 

chironomid midges (yusurika) of Kurobe River. - 

Res. Rep. Toyama Pref. Envir. Poll. Res. Centre 

1992: 40-91. 

SASA, M. & OKAZAWA, T. 1992 b. Studies on the 

chironomid midges (yusurika) of Toga-Mura. 

Toyama. Part 2. The subfamily Orthocladiinae.- 

Res. Rep. Toyama Pref. Envir. Poll. Res. Centre 

1992: 92-204. 

SASA, M., WATANABE M. & ARAKAWA, R. 1992. 

Additional records of Chironomidae from Toga- 

Mura, 1992. - Res. Rep. Toyama Pref. Envir. 

Poll. Res. Centre 1992: 231- 246. 

STRENZKE, K. 1950. Systematik. Morphologie und 

Okologie der terrestrischen Chironomiden. - 

Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 18: 207-414. 

STRENZKE, K. & THIENEMANN, A. 1942. Zwei neue 

Pseudosmittia-Arten (Diptera, Chironomidae) 

aus dem Gebiete der Lunzer Seen. - Int. Revue 

ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 42: 356-387. 

TUISKUNEN, J. 1984. Lindebergia bothnica. gen. n., 

sp. n. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Finland. - 

Ann. Ent. fenn. 50: 121-122.

typeno 

CHIRONOMIDAE TYPES IN THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, BERGEN 

Elisabeth Stur & Trond Andersen 

Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Muséplass 3, N-5007 Bergen, Norway 

(e-mail: trond.andersen@zmb.uib.no) 

The International Project Collection at the 

Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, 

contains the holotypes of 239 species of 

Chironomidae, and paratypes of an additional 

133 species, Table 1. More than 1750 slides 

with type material are housed in the collection. 

Most of the types belong in the subfamilies 

17 

Orthocladiinae and Chironominae, but types of 

Usambaromyiinae, Podonominae, Tanypodinae, 

Buchonomyiinae, Diamesinae and 

Prodiamesinae are also represented. 

Inquiries about the Chironomidae in the 

International Project Collection should be 

addressed to Trond Andersen. 

Table 1. Chironomidae species with types deposited in the International Project Collection at the 

Museum of Zoology in Bergen. 

Abbreviations: HT = holotype, PT = Paratype, m = male, f = female, p = pupae, l = larvae. 

genus species / note author / reference type 

USAMBAROMYIINAE 

155 Usambaromyia nigrala Andersen et Sæther, 1994a HT, PT m, f 

sex / 

stage 

PODONOMINAE 

Lasiodiamesa brusti Sæther, 1969 PT m, f, p, l 

Nepodonomus similis Chaudhuri et Ghosh, 1981 PT m 

TANYPODINAE 

Ablabesmyia maculitibialis Chaudhuri et al., 1983 PT m 

Clinotanypus vomerus Chaudhuri et Debnath, 1984 PT m 

Pentaneurella katterjokki Fittkau et Murray, 1983 PT l 

Tanypus grandis Chaudhuri et al., 1984 PT m, f 

Tanypus lucidus Chaudhuri et al., 1984 PT m 

Tanypus tenebrosus Chaudhuri et al., 1984 PT m 

BUCHONOMYIINAE 

178 Buchonomyia brundini Andersen et Sæther, 1994b HT, PT m 

Buchonomyia burmanica Brundin et Sæther, 1978 PT f 

DIAMESINAE 

Diamesa freemani Willassen et Cranston, 1986 PT m, f, p, l 

Diamesa fonticola Sæther, 1969 PT f, p, l 

106 Diamesa khumbugelida Sæther et Willassen, 1987 HT, PT m, f 

103 Diamesa kohshimai Sæther et Willassen, 1987 HT, PT m, f, p 

83 Diamesa lupus Willassen, 1985 HT, PT m, f, p 

105 Diamesa praecipua Sæther et Willassen, 1987 HT, PT m, f 

82 Diamesa saetheri Willassen, 1985 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

81 Diamesa serratosioi Willassen, 1985 HT, PT m, f 

104 Diamesa yalavia Sæther et Willassen, 1987 HT, PT m, f, p 

114 Lappodiamesa boltoni Sæther et Willassen, 1988 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Protanypus hamiltoni Sæther, 1975a PT m, p, l 

Protanypus ramosus Sæther, 1975a PT m, f, p, l 

Protanypus saetheri Wiederholm, 1975 PT m 

PRODIAMESINAE 

40 Compteromesa oconeensis Sæther, 1981a HT m

Monodiamesa depectinata Sæther, 1973 PT m, p, l 

244 Monodiamesa mariae Andersen, 1996b HT, PT m, f 

Monodiamesa prolilobata Sæther, 1973 PT m 

Monodiamesa tuberculata Sæther, 1973 PT l 

100 Odontomesa ferringtoni Sæther, 1985b HT, PT m 

99 Odontomesa fulva nearctica Sæther, 1985b HT, PT m, p, l 

ORTHOCLADIINAE 

Acamptocladius reissi Cranston et Sæther, 1982 PT m, p 

25 Antillocladius antecalvus Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f 

45 Antillocladius arcuatus Sæther, 1982 HT m 

46 Antillocladius pluspilalus Sæther, 1982 HT m 

Antillocladius 

scalpellatus 

Wang et Sæther, 1993a 

PT m 

301 Antillocladius 

skartveiti 

Andersen et Contreras-Ramos, 

1999 

HT m 

Antillocladius zhengi 

Wang et Sæther, 1993a 

HT m 

93 Apometriocnemus fontinalis Sæther, 1985h HT m 

Baeoctenus bicolor Sæther, 1976 PT m, f 

Boreosmittia inariensis Tuiskunen, 1986 

m 

in Tuiskunen & Lindeberg 1986 HT, PT 

Botryocladius 

grapeth 

Cranston et Edward, 1999 

PT p 

Botryocladius 

mapuche 

Cranston et Edward, 1999 

PT p 

Brillia 

bifasciata 

Wang et al., 1994 

HT m 

Brillia 

laculata 

Oliver et Roussel, 1983 

PT m 

Brillia retifinis Sæther, 1969 PT m 

374 Bryophaenocladius bicolor Wang, Sæther et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

375 Bryophaenocladius cristatus Wang, Sæther et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

127 Bryophaenocladius faegrii Schnell, 1991 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

376 Bryophaenocladius flagelligus Wang, Sæther et Andersen, 2002 HT m 

340 Bryophaenocladius imberbus Andersen et Schnell, 2000 HT, PT m 

Bryophaenocladius longipenis Ghosh et Chaudhuri, 1983 PT m 

Bryophaenocladius manifestus Ghosh et Chaudhuri, 1983 PT m 

341 Bryophaenocladius mazumbaiensis Andersen et Schnell, 2000 HT, PT m 

51 Bryophaenocladius psilacrus Sæther, 1982 HT m 

377 Bryophaenocladius spinicaudus Wang, Sæther et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

351 Bryophaenocladius thaleri Willassen, 1996 HT m 

342 Bryophaenocladius usambarensis Andersen et Schnell, 2000 HT m 

Chaetocladius crassisaetosus Tuiskunen, 1986 

in Tuiskunen & Lindeberg 1986 PT m 

Chaetocladius ligni Cranston et Oliver 1988 PT p, l 

Chaetocladius muliebris Tuiskunen, 1986 

in Tuiskunen & Lindeberg 1986 PT m 

Chaetocladius oliveri Sæther, 1969 PT m, f 

Chaetocladius orientalis Chaudhuri et Ghosh, 1982 PT m 

30 Compterosmittia dentispina Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f 

Compterosmittia 

clavigera 

Sæther, 1982 

HT m 

49 Compterosmittia 

virga 

Wang, 1998 

PT m 

157 Colosmittia clavata Andersen et Sæther, 1993a HT m 

Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bifurcatus Cranston et Oliver, 1988 PT m 

27 C. (Cricotopus) canditibia Sæther, 1981c HT m 

C. (Cricotopus) mackenziensis Oliver, 1977 PT m, l 

C. (Cricotopus) macraei Sæther, 1971 PT m, f 

28 C. (Cricotopus) nudisquama Sæther, 1981c HT m 

26 C. (Cricotopus) pilocapsulus Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f 

C. (Cricotopus) tenuisetosus Chaudhuri et Ghosh, 1980 PT m 

C. (Cricotopus) myriophylli Oliver, 1984 PT m, f, l 

245 Diplosmittia beluina Andersen, 1996a HT m 

101 Diplosmittia carinata Sæther, 1985e HT, PT m 

246 Diplosmittia forficatus Andersen, 1996a HT m 

34 Diplosmittia harrisoni Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f 

174 Doitrix amegabei Sæther et Andersen, 1996 HT m 

Doitrix dillonae Cranston et Oliver, 1988 PT m 

18

Doitrix ensifer Sæther et Sublette, 1983 PT m 

56 Doitrix hamiltoni Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m 

173 Doitrix longipes Sæther et Andersen, 1996 HT m 

74 Doitrix parcivillosa Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m, p, l 

55 Doitrix villosa Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m, p, l 

39 Doncricotopus bicaudatus Sæther, 1981b HT m, p, l 

Eukiefferiella changbaiensis Wang et Halvorsen 2002 PT m, f 

Eukiefferiella paucunca Sæther, 1969 PT m, p 

Eukiefferiella vitracies Sæther, 1969 PT m 

Euryhapsis 

cilium 

Oliver, 1981 

PT m, f 

Euryhapsis 

fuscipropes 

Sæther et Wang, 1992 

PT m 

219 Georthocladius amakyei Sæther et Andersen, 1996 HT m 

72 Georthocladius curticornus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT f, p, l 

75 Georthocladius fimbriosus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m, l 

220 Georthocladius longicalcaneum Sæther et Andersen, 1996 HT, PT m 

Georthocladius platystylus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 PT m 

57 Georthocladius triquetrus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

79 Gymnometriocnemus acigus Sæther, 1983c HT m, f, p 

Hanocladius longipes Sæther et Wang 2002 PT m 

166 Heleniella nebulosa Andersen et Wang, 1997 HT m, f 

92 Heleniella parva Sæther, 1985i HT, PT m 

Heterotanytarsus nudalus Sæther, 1975b PT m, f, p 

Heterotanytarsus perennis Sæther, 1975b PT m, p, l 

129 Heterotrissocladius boltoni Sæther, 1992c HT, PT m, f, p, l 

115 Heterotrissocladius brundini Sæther et Schnell, 1988b HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Heterotrissocladius changi Sæther, 1975c PT m, f, l 

Heterotrissocladius cooki Sæther, 1975c PT m 

Heterotrissocladius hirtapex Sæther, 1975c PT m, f, p, l 

Heterotrissocladius latilaminus Sæther, 1975c PT f, p, l 

Heterotrissocladius oliveri Sæther, 1975c PT m, f, p, l 

Hydrobaenus conformis 

labradorensis Sæther, 1976 PT m, l 

Habrobaenus hudsoni Sæther, 1977b PT m 

122 Hydrobaenus kondoi Sæther, 1989b HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Hydrobaenus laticaudus Sæther, 1976 PT m 

Hydrobaenus martini Sæther, 1976 PT m 

Hydrobaenus pilipodex Sæther, 1976 PT m, l 

Hydrobaenus spinnatis Sæther, 1976 PT m, f 

121 Hydrobaenus travisi Sæther, 1989b HT, PT m 

Hydrobaenus virgo Sæther, 1976 PT f 

158 Ionthosmittia caudiga Sæther et Andersen, 1995 HT, PT m 

154 Lerheimia aviculata Andersen et Sæther, 1993b HT m 

152 Lerheimia scopulata Andersen et Sæther, 1993b HT, PT m 

153 Lerheimia villangulata Andersen et Sæther, 1993b HT m 

123 Limnophyes aagaardi Sæther, 1990 HT, PT m 

112 Limnophyes anderseni Sæther, 1990 HT, PT m 

119 Limnophyes angelicae Sæther, 1990 HT m 

113 Limnophyes bidumus Sæther, 1990 HT, PT m, f, p 

Limnophyes bullus Wang et Sæther, 1993b PT m, f 

Limnophyes carolinensis Sæther, 1990 PT m 

108 Limnophyes doughmani Sæther, 1990 HT m 

109 Limnophyes edwardsi Sæther, 1990 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Limnophyes er Sæther, 1985c PT m 

126 Limnophyes gelasinus Sæther, 1990 HT m 

Limnophyes hastulatus Sæther, 1975d PT m 

Limnophyes hudsoni 1) Sæther, 1975d PT m, f 

Limnophyes inanispatina Langton et Moubayed, 2001 HT m, p 

Limnophyes lobiscus Sæther, 1990 PT m 

120 Limnophyes madeirae Sæther, 1990 HT m 

Limnophyes margaretae Sæther, 1975d PT m 

Limnophyes ninae Sæther, 1975d PT m 

Limnophyes nudiradius 2) Sæther, 1975d PT m 

19

Limnophyes orbicristatus Wang et Sæther 1993b PT m 

Limnophyes palleocestus Wang et Sæther, 1993b PT m 

Limnophyes paludis Armitage, 1985 PT m 

Limnophyes recisus Sæther, 1975d PT m 

Limnophyes roquehautensis Langton et Moubayed, 2001 HT m 

110 Limnophyes schnelli Sæther, 1990 HT, PT m 

Limnophyes spatulosus 3) Sæther, 1975d PT m 

Limnophyes spinigus Sæther, 1990 PT m 

111 Limnophyes torulus Sæther, 1990 HT m 

Limnophyes verpus Wang et Sæther, 1993b PT m 

29 Lipurometriocnemus glabalus Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f 

47 Lipurometriocnemus vixlobatus Sæther, 1982 HT m 

156 Lobosmittia basilobata Sæther et Andersen, 1993 HT m 

Lopescladius fittkaui Sæther, 1983b PT m, p 

Lopescladius verruculosus Sæther, 1983b PT p 

86 Mesosmittia acutistylus Sæther, 1985d HT m 

355 Mesosmittia annae Andersen et Mendes, 2002b HT, PT m 

234 Mesosmittia cristaga Sæther, 1996 HT m 

357 Mesosmittia halata Andersen et Mendes, 2002b HT, PT m 

358 Mesosmittia hirta Andersen et Mendes, 2002b HT m 

356 Mesosmittia glabra Andersen et Mendes, 2002b HT, PT m 

87 Mesosmittia lobiga Sæther, 1985d HT m 

88 Mesosmittia mina Sæther, 1985d HT m 

89 Mesosmittia patrihortae Sæther, 1985d HT, PT m 

90 Mesosmittia prolixa Sæther, 1985d HT, PT m 

91 Mesosmittia tora Sæther, 1985d HT m 

144 Metriocnemus acutus Sæther, 1995 HT m 

118 Metriocnemus brusti Sæther, 1989a HT, PT m, p, l 

145 Metriocnemus calvescens Sæther, 1995 HT m 

Metriocnemus carmencitabertarum Langton et Cobo, 1997 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

147 Metriocnemus caudigus Sæther, 1995 HT, PT m 

145 Metriocnemus dentipalpus Sæther, 1995 HT m 

149 Metriocnemus exilacies Sæther, 1995 HT, PT m 

148 Metriocnemus intergerivus Sæther, 1995 HT, PT m, f 

143 Metriocnemus wangi Sæther, 1995 HT, PT m 

312 Molleriella calcarella Sæther et Ekrem, 1999 HT, PT m, f 

Nanocladius anderseni Sæther, 1977a PT m, f, p, l 

Nanocladius crassicornus Sæther, 1977a PT p 

Nanocladius incomptus Sæther, 1977a PT m, f 

Nanocladius minimus Sæther, 1977a PT m, p 

Nanocladius spiniplenus Sæther, 1977a PT p 

102 Oliveridia hugginsi Ferrington et Sæther, 1987 HT, PT m, f, p 

O. (Euorthocladius) ashei Soponis, 1990 PT m, p,l 

O. (Euorthocladius) rousselae Soponis, 1990 PT m, p,l 

Parachaetocladius imberbus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 PT m 

38 Paracricotopus glaber Sæther, 1980 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

177 Parakiefferiella minax Ferrington et Sæther, 1994 HT m 

Parametriocnemus vespertinus Sæther, 1969 PT m 

184 Paraphaenocladius crassicaudatus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

188 Paraphaenocladius exagitans longipes Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

189 Paraphaenocladius impensus contractus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

187 Paraphaenocladius innasus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

182 Paraphaenocladius irritus longicostatus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT m 

186 Paraphaenocladius pusillus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

186 Paraphaenocladius proprius Chaudhuri et Sinharay, 1987 PT m 

183 Paraphaenocladius pseudirritus nearcticus Sæther et Wang, 1995 HT, PT m 

Phycoidella dentolatens 4) Sæther, 1971 PT l 

279 Physoneura paulseni Stur et Andersen, 2000 HT, PT m 

53 Platysmittia fimbriata Sæther, 1982 HT m 

Platysmittia bilyji Sæther, 1985g PT f 

Plhudsonia acuticauda Sæther, 1992a PT m, p 

44 Plhudsonia partita Sæther, 1982 HT, PT m, p 

20

235 Propsilocerus sinicus Sæther et Wang, 1996 HT, PT m, f, p 

76 Pseudorthocladius amplicaudus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

60 Pseudorthocladius clavatosus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m, f 

67 Pseudorthocladius comans Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

63 Pseudorthocladius curticornus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m, p 

58 Pseudorthocladius destitutus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

77 Pseudorthocladius lunatus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

66 Pseudorthocladius macrovirgatus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m 

78 Pseudorthocladius morsei Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

65 Pseudorthocladius paravirgatus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

59 Pseudorthocladius rectilobus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

61 Pseudorthocladius tricanthus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m, p 

62 Pseudorthocladius uniserratus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m, p, l 

64 Pseudorthocladius virgatus Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT, PT m, p 

68 Pseudorthocladius wingoi Sæther et Sublette, 1983 HT m 

48 Psilometriocnemus cristatus Sæther, 1982 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Quiniella lii Wang et Sæther, 1998 PT m 

97 Rheocricotopus amplicristatus Sæther, 1985f HT, PT m 

96 Rheocricotopus conflusirius Sæther, 1985f HT m 

98 Rheocricotopus effusoides Sæther, 1985f HT m, f, p, l 

Rheocricotopus eminellobus Sæther, 1969 PT f 

Rheocricotopus himalayensis Chaudhuri et Sinharay, 1983 PT m 

Rheocricotopus kenorensis Sæther, 1969 PT m 

Rheocricotopus nemoacrostichalis Chaudhuri et Sinharay, 1983 PT m 

Rheocricotopus pauciseta Sæther, 1969 PT m 

116 Rheocricotopus reduncus Sæther et Schnell, 1988a HT, PT m, p 

117 Rheocricotopus unidentatus Sæther et Schnell, 1988a HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Rheocricotopus 

valgus 

Chaudhuri et Sinharay, 1983 PT m 

R. (Psilocricotopus) calviculus 

Wang et Sæther, 2001 

HT m 

95 Rheosmittia halvorseni 5) Cranston et Saether, 1986 HT, PT m, f 

54 Saetheriella amplicristata Halvorsen, 1982 HT, PT m, f 

50 Stilocladius clinopecten Sæther, 1982 HT, PT m, f, p 

80 Sublettiella calvata Sæther, 1983c HT m 

120 Tavastia cristacauda Sæther, 1992b HT m 

Thalassosmittia montana Wang et Sæther, 1993c PT m 

94 Thienemannia pilinucha Sæther, 1985a HT m 

269 Thienemanniella boltoni Hestenes et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m, f, l 

270 Thienemanniella lobapodema Hestenes et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m, p 

36 Thienemanniella sanctivincenta Sæther, 1981c HT, PT m, f, p 

35 Thienemanniella semifimbriata 6) Sæther, 1981c 

HT, PT m, f, p 

347 Thienemanniella taurocapita 

Hestenes et Sæther, 2000 

HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Tokunagayusurika taihuensis 7) 

Wen, Zhou et Rong, 1994 

PT f 

149 Tokyobrillia 

anderseni 

Sæther et Wang, 1992 

HT, PT m 

52 Unniella multivirga Sæther, 1982 HT, PT m 

107 Vivacricotopus ablusus Schnell et Sæther, 1988 HT m, p 

Xylotopus burmanensis Oliver, 1985 PT m 

Zalutschia lingulata lingulata Sæther, 1976 PT m, f 

Zalutschia lingulata pauca Sæther, 1976 PT m, f, p, l 

Zalutschia pusa Sæther, 1976 PT f, p 

Zalutschia trigonacies Sæther, 1976 PT m, f, p, l 

Zalutschia vockerothi Sæther, 1976 PT m, p 

CHIRONOMINAE Chironomini 

359 Axarus froelichi Andersen et Mendes, 2002a HT, PT m 

170 Beardius aciculatus Andersen et Sæther, 1996 HT, PT m 

171 Beardius lingulatus Andersen et Sæther, 1996 HT, PT m 

Beardius parcus Reiss et Sublette, 1985 PT m 

172 Beardius triangulatus Andersen et Sæther, 1996 HT, PT m 

Cyphomella gibbera Sæther, 1977a PT m, p 

248 Friederia 

villosa 

Sæther et Andersen, 1998 

HT, PT m 

Harnishia 

turgidula 

Wang et al., 1993 

HT m 

84 Oschia dorsenna 8) Sæther, 1983a HT, PT m 

21

Microchironomus clarilatus Guha et Chaudhuri, 1981 PT m 

311 Nilothauma acre Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

263 Nilothauma anderseni Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

261 Nilothauma ankasense Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

260 Nilothauma burmeisteri Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT, PT m 

257 Nilothauma duminola Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT, PT m 

264 Nilothauma flabellatum Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT, PT m 

258 Nilothauma fuscina Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

262 Nilothauma insolita Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

Nilothauma harrisoni Adam et Sæther, 1999 PT m 

265 Nilothauma kakumense Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT m 

310 Nilothauma mergae Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT, PT m 

Nilothauma sasai Adam et Sæther, 1999 PT m 

259 Nilothauma verrucum Adam et Sæther, 1999 HT, PT m 

267 Paranilothauma strebulosa Adam et Sæther, 2000 HT m 

Polypedilum insolitum Chaudhuri et al., 1981 PT m 

Polypedilum nudiceps Chaudhuri et al., 1981 PT m 

Polypedilum obscurum Chaudhuri et al., 1981 PT f 

254 P. (Cerobregma) bulbocaudatum Sæther et Sundal, 1999 HT, PT m 

255 P. (Cerobregma) subulatum Sæther et Sundal, 1999 HT m 

256 P. (Cerobregma) volselligum Sæther et Sundal, 1999 HT, PT m, f 

371 P. (Tripodura) akani Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT, PT m 

366 P. (Tripodura) amplificatus Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT, PT m 

365 P. (Tripodura) chaelum Vårdal, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT m 

372 P. (Tripodura) dagombae Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT m 

369 P. (Tripodura) ewei Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT, PT m 

370 P. (Tripodura) ogoouense Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT m 

367 P. (Tripodura) patulum Bjørlo, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT m 

368 P. (Tripodura) spinalveum Vårdal, 2002 in Vårdal et al. 2002 HT, PT m 

275 P. (Uresipedilum) acutulum Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT m 

278 P. (Uresipedilum) anderseni Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

274 P. (Uresipedilum) dossenudum Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

277 P. (Uresipedilum) gladysae Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

273 P. (Uresipedilum) harrisoni Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT m 

276 P. (Uresipedilum) kakumense Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

272 P. (Uresipedilum) plautum Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

271 P. (Uresipedilum) spinibojum Oyewo et Sæther, 1998 HT, PT m 

Robackia pilicauda Sæther, 1977a PT m 

85 Saetheria hirta Sæther, 1983a HT f, p, l 

Shangomyia impectinata Sæther et Wang, 1993 PT f 

251 Xestochironomus aisenensis Andersen et Kristoffersen, 1998 HT, PT m, f 

252 Xestochironomus laselvensis Andersen et Kristoffersen, 1998 HT m 

Xiaomyia aequipedes Sæther et Wang, 1993 PT m 

Zhouomyia plauta Sæther et Wang, 1993 PT m 

CHIRONOMINAE Pseudochironomini 

247 Manoa tangae Andersen et Sæther, 1997 HT, PT m, f 

Pseudochironomus articaudus Sæther, 1977a PT m 

Pseudochironomus badius Sæther, 1977a PT m 

CHIRONOMINAE Tanytarsini 

Cladotanytarsus multispinulus Guha et al., 1985 PT m 

Neostempellina thienemanni Reiss, 1984a PT m 

Parapsectra mendli Reiss, 1983 PT m 

317 Rheotanytarsus abonae Kyerematen, 2000 in Kyerematen 

et al. 2000 HT m 

313 Rheotanytarsus acuminatus Kyerematen et Sæthe,r 2000 HT, PT m 

319 Rheotanytarsus aquilus Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m 

320 Rheotanytarsus atrius Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m 

336 Rheotanytarsus baculus Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

329 Rheotanytarsus beccus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT m 

338 Rheotanytarsus buculicaudus Kyerematen, 2000 in Kyerematen HT, PT m 

22

et al. 2000 

Rheotanytarsus calakmulensis Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 PT m 

346 Rheotanytarsus contrerasi Andersen et Sæther, 2000 in 

Kyerematen et al. 2000 HT, PT m, p 

322 Rheotanytarsus digitatus Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m 

334 Rheotanytarsus falcatus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT, PT m, f 

328 Rheotanytarsus falcipedus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT, PT m 

337 Rheotanytarsus foliatus Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

342 Rheotanytarsus guanacastensis Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

341 Rheotanytarsus hanseni Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

323 Rheotanytarsus jongkindi Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT m 

321 Rheotanytarsus kjaeranderseni Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

333 Rheotanytarsus koraensis Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT, PT m 

326 Rheotanytarsus kuantanensis Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT, PT m 

338 Rheotanytarsus kusii Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT m 

316 Rheotanytarsus longicornus Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT f, p 

339 Rheotanytarsus minusculus Kyerematen, 2000 in Kyerematen 

et al. 2000 HT m 

339 Rheotanytarsus nuamae Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT m 

Rheotanytarsus orientalis Moubayed, 1989 HT m 

330 Rheotanytarsus pallidus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT, PT m 

Rheotanytarsus pantanalensis Andersen et Kyerematen, 2001 PT m 

331 Rheotanytarsus phaselus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT m 

314 Rheotanytarsus plerunguis Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT m 

343 Rheotanytarsus ramirezae Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m, p 

315 Rheotanytarsus remus Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT m 

324 Rheotanytarsus sessilipersonatus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT m 

340 Rheotanytarsus scutulatus Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

325 Rheotanytarsus soelii Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT m 

344 Rheotanytarsus subtilis Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

124 Rheotanytarsus thailandensis Moubayed, 1990 HT m 

335 Rheotanytarsus thunesi Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002 HT, PT m 

318 Rheotanytarsus transversus Kyerematen et Sæther, 2000 HT, PT f, p 

327 Rheotanytarsus verticillus Kyerematen et al., 2000 HT m 

266 Seppia trifurca Ekrem et Sæther 1999 HT, PT m 

Skutzia gaianii Andersen, 2000 PT m 

353 Tanytarsus ankasaensis Ekrem, 2001 HT m 

364 Tanytarsus calorifontis Ekrem, 2002 HT, PT m, p 

Tanytarsus elisabethae Ekrem, 2001 PT m, f, p, l 

Tanytarsus harei Ekrem, 2001 PT m 

304 Tanytarsus kakumensis Ekrem, 1999 HT m 

351 Tanytarsus mancospinosus Ekrem et Reiss, 1999 

in Ekrem et al. 1999 HT, PT m, f, p, l 

Tanytarsus minimus Guha et al., 1985 PT m 

Tanytarsus minutipalpus Ekrem et Harrison, 1999 PT m, f 

Tanytarsus monospinosus Ekrem et Reiss, 1999 PT m 

305 Tanytarsus pseudocongus Ekrem, 1999 HT, PT m 

306 Tanytarsus saetheri Ekrem, 1999 HT, PT m 

307 Tanytarsus spiesi Ekrem, 1999 HT m 

308 Tanytarsus superpenicillatus Ekrem, 1999 HT, PT m 

125 Tanytarsus thaicus Moubayed, 1990 HT, PT m, p 

309 Tanytarsus tossai Ekrem, 1999 HT, PT m 

Tanytarsus tumultuarius Ekrem et Reiss, 1999 PT m 

352 Tanytarsus usambarae Stur et Ekrem, 2000 HT, PT m 

Virgatanytarsus ansatus Reiss, 1984b PT m 

23

Notes 

The following species has been synonymised 

or placed in other genera: 

1) L. hudsoni Sæther, 1975 was synonymised 

with L. minimus (Meigen) by Sæther 

(1990). 

2) L. nudiradius Sæther, 1975 was 

synonymised with L. natalensis 

(Kieffer) by Sæther (1990). 

3) L. spatulosus Sæther, 1975 was 

synonymised with L. brachytomus 

(Kieffer) by Sæther (1990). 

4) Phycoidella Sæther, 1971 is a junior 

synonym of Acamptocladius Brundin 

(Cranston & Sæther 1982) 

5) Rheosmittia halvorseni Cranston & Sæther, 

1986 belongs in Krenosmittia 

Thienemann & Krüger (Tuiskunen & 

Lideberg 1986). 

6) A separate genus Onconeura Andersen et 

Sæther has been erected for T. 

semifimbriata Sæther, 1981 and new, 

related species (Andersen & Sæther, 

in press). 

7) Tokunagayusurika Sasa, 1978 is a junior 

synonym of Propsilocerus Kieffer 

(Sæther & Wang 1996). 

8) Oschia Sæther, 1983 is a junior synonym of 

Kloosia Kruseman (Cranston et al. 

1989). 

Acknowledgement 

We are indebted to Prof. Ole A. Sæther for 

reading and correcting the present list 

repeatedly. Funding for compiling the list was 

given by the 'Det alminnelige 

naturvitenskapelige forskningsfond,' (The 

general natural science research fund), 

University of Bergen. 

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FITTKAU, E.J. & MURRAY, D.A. 1983. 

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O.A. 2000. A review of Oriental Rheotanytarsus 

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KYEREMATEN, R.A.K. & SÆTHER, O.A. 2000. A 

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LANGTON, P. & COBO, F. 1997. Metriocnemus 

(Inermipupa) carmencitabertarum subgen.n., 

sp.n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Spain and 

Portugal. - Entomologist’s Gaz. 48: 263-271. 

LANGTON, P.H. & MOUBAYED, J. 2001. 

Limnophyes roquehautensis sp.n. and L. 

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(Diptera, Chironomidae). - Nouv. Rev. Ent. 18: 

3-8. 

MOUBAYED, Z. 1989. Descriptions of five new 

species of Chironomidae (Dipt., Chironomidae) 

from the Near East and the Oriental region. - 

Acta biol. Debr. oecol. Hung. 2: 275-283. 

MOUBAYED, Z. 1990. Chironomids from running 

waters of Thailand: description of 

Rheotanytarsus thailandensis sp.n. and 

Tanytarsus thaicus sp.n. (Dipt., Chironomidae). - 

Hydrobiologia 203: 29-33. 

OLIVER, D.R. 1977. Bicinctus-group of the genus 

Cricotopus Van der Wulp (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) in the Nearctic with a description 

of a new species. - J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 34: 98- 

104. 

OLIVER, D.R. 1981. Description of Euryhapsis new 

genus including three new species (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Can. Ent. 113: 711-722. 

OLIVER, D.R. 1984. Description of a new species of 

Cricotopus Van der Wulp (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) associated with Myriophyllum 

spicatum. - Can. Ent. 116: 1287-1292. 

OLIVER, D.R. 1985. Review of Xylotopus Oliver 

and description of Irisobrillia n.gen. (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Can. Ent. 117: 1093-1110. 

OLIVER, D.R & ROUSSEL, M.E. 1983. 

Redescription of Brillia Kieffer (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) with descriptions of Nearctic 

species. - Can. Ent. 115: 257-279. 

OYEWO, E.A. & SÆTHER, O.A. 1998. Revision of 

Afrotropical Polypedilum Kieffer subgen. 

Uresipedilum Sasa et Kikuchi, 1995 (Diptera: 

Chironomidae), with a review of the subgenus. - 

Annls Limnol. 34: 315-362. 

26 

REISS, F. 1983. Parapsectra mendli n.sp. (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) aus dem Allgäu, Bayern. - 

Spixiana 6: 79-81. 

REISS, F. 1984a. Neostempellina thienemanni 

n.gen., n.sp., eine europäische Chironomide mit 

gehäusetragenden Larven (Diptera, 


REISS, F. 1984b. Virgatanytarsus ansatus n.sp. aus 

Mitteleuropa und Nordafrika (Diptera, 


REISS, F. & SUBLETTE, J.E. 1985. Beardius new 

genus with notes on additional Pan-American 

taxa (Diptera, Chironomidae). - Spixiana, Suppl. 

11: 179-193. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1969. Some Nearctic Podonominae, 

Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 170: 

1-154. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1971. Four new and unusual 

Chironomidae (Diptera). - Can. Ent. 103: 1799- 

1827. 

SÆTHER, O.A 1973. Taxonomy and ecology of 

three new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer, with 

keys to Nearctic and Palaearctic species of the 

genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). - J. Fish. Res. 

Bd Can. 30: 665-679. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1975a. Two new species of 

Protanypus Kieffer, with keys to Nearctic and 

Palaearctic species of the genus (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 32: 367- 

388. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1975b. Two new species of 

Heterotanytarsus Spärck, with keys to Nearctic 

and Palaearctic males and pupae of the genus 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). - J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 

32: 259-270. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1975c. Nearctic and Palaearctic 

Heterotrissocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 193: 1-67. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1975d. Twelve new species of the 

Limnophyes Eaton, with keys to Nearctic males 

of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Can. 

Ent. 107: 1029-1056. 

SÆTHER, O.A 1976. Revision of Hydrobaenus, 

Trissocladius, Zalutschia, Paratrissocladius and 

some related genera (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 195: 1-287. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1977a. Taxonomic studies on 

Chironomidae: Nanocladius, Pseudochironomus 

and the Harnischia complex. - Bull. Fish. Res. 

Bd Can. 196: 1-143. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1977b. Habrobaenus hudsoni n.gen., 

n.sp. and the immatures of Baeoctenus bicolor 

Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae). - J. Fish. Res. 

Bd Can. 34: 2354-2361. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1980. The females and immatures of 

Paracricotopus Thienemann and Harnisch, 

1932, with the description of a new species 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). - Aquat. Insects 2: 

129-145. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1981a. Compteromesa oconeensis 

gen. n., sp. n., a New Prodiamesinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from South Carolina. - Aquat. 

Insects 3: 193-198. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1981b. Doncricotopus bicaudatus 

n.gen., n.sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae:

Orthocladiinae) from the Northwest Territories, 

Canada. - Ent. scand. 12: 223-229. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1981c. Orthocladiinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from the British West Indies with 

descriptions of Antillocladius n.gen., 

Lipurometriocnemus n.gen., Compterosmittia 

n.gen., and Diplosmittia n.gen. - Ent. scand., 

Suppl. 16: 1-46. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1982. Orthocladiinae (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from SE U.S.A., with 

descriptions of Plhudsonia, Unniella and 

Platysmittia n.genera and Atelopodella n. 

subgen. - Ent. scand. 13: 465-510. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1983a. Oschia dorsenna n.gen., n.sp. 

and Saetheria hirta n.sp., two new members of 

the Harnischia complex (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Ent. scand. 24: 395-404. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1983b. Three new species of 

Lopescladius Oliveira, 1967 (syn. "Cordites" 

Brundin, 1966, n.syn.), with a phylogeny of the 

Parakiefferiella group. - Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 

34: 279-298. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1983c. A review of Holarctic 

Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1932, with 

the description of Raphidocladius subgen.n. and 

Sublettiella gen.n. (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Aquat. Insects 5: 209-226. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985a. Redefinition and review of 

Thienemannia Kieffer, 1909 (Diptera: 

Chironomidae), with the description of T. 

pilinucha sp.n. - Aquat. Insects 7: 111-131. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985b. A review of Odontomesa 

Pagast, 1947 (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 


SÆTHER, O.A. 1985c. Limnophyes er sp.n. 

(Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from 

from Finland, with nearctic records of previously 

described species. - Ent. scand. 15: 540-544. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985d. The imagines of Mesosmittia 

Brundin, 1956, with description of seven new 

species (Diptera, Chironomidae). - Spixiana, 

Suppl. 11: 37-54. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985e. Diplosmittia carinata spec. 

nov. from Michigan (Diptera, Chironomidae). - 


SÆTHER, O.A. 1985f. A review of the genus 

Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932, 

with description of three new species (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). - Spixiana, Suppl. 11: 59-108. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985g. Male and female imagines of 

Platysmittia bilyji sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) 

from Manitoba, Canada. - Ent. scand. 15: 527- 

531. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985h. Apometriocnemus fontinalis 

gen.n. sp.n. (Diptera: Chironomidae, 

Orthocladiinae) from Tennessee, U.S.A. - Ent. 

scand. 15: 536-539. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1985i. Heleniella parva sp.n. 

(Diptera: Chironomidae) from South Carolina 

and Tennessee, U.S.A. - Ent. scand. 15: 532- 

535. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1989a. Metriocnemus van der Wulp: 

a new species and a revision of species described 

by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, 

Lundstöm and Strenzke (Diptera: 


27 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1989b. Two new species of 

Hydrobaenus Fries from Massachusetts, U.S.A. 

and Japan (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Ent. scand. 

20: 55-63. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1990. A review of the genus 

Limnophyes Eaton from the Holarctic and 

Afrotropical regions (Diptera: Chironomidae, 

Orthocladiinae). - Ent. scand., Suppl. 35: 1-139. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1992a. First Palaearctic record of the 

orthoclad Plhudsonia Sæther (Diptera: 


SÆTHER, O.A. 1992b. First Nearctic record of the 

orthoclad genus Tavastia Tuiskunen (Diptera: 


SÆTHER, O.A. 1992c. Heterotrissocladius boltoni 

sp.n., a new orthoclad from vernal pools and 

streams in Ohio, U.S.A. (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 26: 191- 

196. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1995. Metriocnemus van der Wulp: 

seven new species, revision of species, and new 

records (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Annls limnol. 

31: 35-64. 

SÆTHER, O.A. 1996. Afrotropical records of the 

orthoclad genus Mesosmittia Brundin (Insecta, 

Diptera, Chironomidae). - Spixiana, Suppl. 11: 

37-54. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & ANDERSEN, T. 1993. Lobosmittia, 

a new genus of orthoclads from Tanzania and 

Turkey (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Tijdschr. Ent. 

136: 283-287. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & ANDERSEN, T. 1995. Ionthosmittia 

caudiga n.gen. n.sp., a new orthoclad from the 

Usambara Mts, Tanzania (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). - Trop. Zool. 8: 197-202. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & ANDERSEN, T. 1996. First 

Afrotropical records of Doithrix and 

Georthocladius, with notes on the 

Pseudorthocladius group (Diptera: 


SÆTHER, O.A. & ANDERSEN, T. 1998. Friederia, a 

new Afrotropical tanytarsine genus (Diptera: 


SÆTHER, O.A. & ANDERSEN, T. 1999. Molleriella, 

a new terrestrial orthoclad genus from the 

Netherlands (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Acta 

zool. Hung. 45: 161-168. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & SCHNELL, Ø.A. 1988a. Two new 

species of the Rheocricotopus (R.) effusus group 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). - Spixiana, Suppl. 14: 

65-74. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & SCHNELL, Ø.A. 1988b. 

Heterotrissocladius brundini spec. nov. from 

Norway (Diptera, Chironomidae). - Spixiana, 

Suppl. 14: 57-64. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & SUBLETTE, J. 1983. A review of 

the genera Doitrix n.gen., Georthocladius 

Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wülker and 

Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: 

Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). - Ent. scand., 

Suppl. 20: 1-100. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & SUNDAL, A. 1999. Cerobregma, a 

new subgenus of Polypedilum Kieffer, with a 

tentative phylogeny of subgenera and species 

groups within Polypedilum (Diptera:

Chironomidae). - J. Kansas ent. Soc. 71: 315- 

382. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & WANG, X. 1993. Xiaomyia, 

Shangomyia and Zhouomyia, three new and 

unusual genera of Chironomini from Oriental 

China (Diptera: Chinomidae). - Ent. scand. 24: 

185-195. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & WANG, X. 1995. Revision of the 

genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of 

the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, 

Orthocladiinae). - Ent. scand., Suppl. 48: 1-69. 

SÆTHER, O.A. & WANG, X. 1996. Revision of the 

orthoclad genus Propsilocerus Kieffer ( = 

Tokunagayusurika Sasa) (Diptera: 


SÆTHER, O.A. & WILLASSEN, E. 1987. Four new 

species of Diamesa Meigen, 1835 (Diptera: 

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SCHNELL, Ø.A. 1991. A new species of 

Bryophaenocladius Thienemann (Diptera: 

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to the diagnoses of the genus. - Ent. scand. 21: 

435-443. 

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usambarae, spec. nov. from West Usambara 

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28 

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87: 91-123.

REARING TANYPODINAE, TELMATOGETONINAE AND ORTHOCLADIINAE IN 

BRAZIL – AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH. 

This text reflects my experience in rearing 

chironomids in Brazil. 

Just after sorting, the larvae were isolated in 

small vials in order to be sure about the 

associations. The vials stayed open and as soon 

as the larvae became pupae, the larval exuviae 

was fixed and the pupa transferred to a larger 

container with a lower superficial tension 

(provided by the superficial area) so they could 

emerge. The vials suggested by EPLER (1995; 

2001) and by MERRIT, RESH & CUMMINS 

(1996) weren’t efficient for most of the 

chironomids I’ve tried unsuccessfully to rear. 

Transport from field to laboratory: 

I’ve got good results with isolated larvae in ice 

coolers to keep the temperature low. The water 

level in the vials must be low so it facilitates 

gas exchange and prevent mechanical shock, 

and a substratum should be provided for the 

larvae (avoiding extra stress). 

Temperature in the laboratory: 

Most chironomids live well at room 

temperatures, even the ones collected in 

streams. The main problem is not the 

temperature, but the water level which is 

related to oxygen. I’ve reared some fastflowing 

chironomids with very low water 

levels in the vials. 

Association of the larvae with the 

environment: 

The chironomids associated with soft substrata, 

as a whole, need at least a fine layer of 

substratum where they can move and build 

their tubes. Coelotanypodini and Procladiini 

don`t build tubes, but they arrange the 

sediment into “paths” in which they can hide. 

The chironomids associated with submerged 

vegetation and macrophytes need an 

appropriate substratum to live on. An easy way 

to solve this problems is to incorporate some 

small leaf pieces to serve as substratum for the 

larvae. 

Most of orthoclads live in streams, springs and 

other fast flowing waters. One easy way to rear 

them is by keeping them in small vials with 

By Humberto Fonseca Mendes 

Departamento de Biologia da FFCLRP/USP 

Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto – SP 

CEP 14040-901 

E-mail: hfmendes@usp.br 

29 

shallow water, another way is by placing them 

in a flowing water system with enough oxygen. 

Many orthoclads live in “non-aquatic” 

environments (some are semi-aquatic, semiterrestrial, 

terrestrial or marine) in these special 

environments, rearing methods must be as 

similar as possible to the environments where 

they were collected. 

In streams and fast flowing waters the larvae 

must be sorted as soon as possible, these 

environments are generally very rich in oxygen 

and the larvae are very demanding in this 

parameter. The vials must be with little water, 

generally when full of it, the relationship of 

depth to surface area is such that there isn’t 

enough oxygen provided. Another way to do 

this is keeping the animals in flowing water. 

Larvae of slow flowing to standing waters are, 

generally, more resistant to oxygen depletion, 

some can survive in very low concentrations of 

oxygen, like Chironomus. Most of these 

animals require a fine layer of sediment in the 

bottom of the vial. Some animals from 

standing waters and pools live on macrophytes, 

stones, dead leaves and submerged trunks, for 

them the best was to take a piece of leaf to set 

in the vials with the larvae. 

Phytotelmata are generally good sources for 

chironomids. I’ve collected some chironomids 

in the leaf axils of bromeliads, and the best 

results were obtained by washing the 

substratum with a sieve as soon as it was taken 

from the leaf. Washing can be conducted with 

filtered water. Also, the animals might be 

placed in a white tray, sorted and isolated in 

the field. For more about phytotelmata 

chironomids see FRANK (1983). 

The mining chironomids, like 

Stenochironomus, should never be taken out of 

their places; most of them aren’t able to 

continue mining after they have been taken 

out. One way to solve this problem is to keep 

some submerged trunks and leaves in the 

laboratory (emergence trails) and wait till the 

animals emerge. More information on the 

Chironomidae associated with submerged

trunks in Brazil have been provided by 

TRIVINHO-STRIXINO & STRIXINO (1998). 

To feed or not to feed? That is the question 

If one wants to rear animals from the early 

instars, one must feed the larvae. But, on the 

other hand, if all one wants to do is to rear 

some adults, fourth instar larvae isolated in 

small containers will generally pupate and 

some of these will emerge without having been 

fed. But some comments are required: Even 

some prepupae larvae of tanypods and 

orthoclads aren’t able to pupate without 

feeding, or they aren’t able to emerge, and I 

prefer to feed the larvae to get better results. 

Terrestrial Environments: 

Part of the environment must be sampled as a 

whole, with part of the substratum. When 

working with mosses on rocks and trunks, the 

moss must be taken off without damaging the 

animals, knives help sometimes. 

Once sampled, the material must be handled 

very carefully in order not to kill the larvae. 

The mosses must be cut into pieces so they fit 

well in Petri dishes, paying attention to the 

height of the sample, with scissors one may cut 

off the top and bottom of the moss. 

Dead leaves may be very good for 

chironomids, so collecting them must be a 

good choice. They can be used to collect live 

material to rear, so the entire sample must be 

placed in Petri dishes to rear. As soon as the 

adults dry their wings, they are killed and the 

pupal and larval exuviae found. The more time 

one leaves before looking for the exuviae, the 

more difficult it is to find them, since the 

exuviae might sink. 

Terrestrial chironomids don’t need to be 

replaced after pupating, they can emerge in 

small dishes. When using closed vials don’t 

forget to open it daily! 

One clever method that helps sorting the pupal 

exuviae is to fill up the Petri dishes with water. 

Some pupal exuviae will float, but not all of 

them, so that`s an alternative to be used after 

trying to find the exuviae under a 

stereomicroscope. This method does not 

damage the larvae nor the pupae, they can 

survive in water up to 3 hours: if not found 

within that time after flooding the sample, it is 

not worth continuing the search. Sometimes 

the larvae must be sorted and isolated to be 

sure about the associations with pupa and 

adults, especially when working with more 

than one species in the same genera. In 

Bryophaeocladius, Gymnometriocnemus and 

Antillocladius the larval exuviae can easily be 

30 

found near the pupal exuviae or the pupa itself. 

My own experience with these genera shows 

that one can only be sure about the associations 

just when working with isolated material, 

because very often I found two or more species 

in the same sample. 

How to obtain a sterile terrestrial sediment: 

Most of the terrestrial orthoclads I’ve reared 

lived among mosses and tree trunk lichens, 

which can be easily sterilised of insects by 

putting some water and letting it dry for a 

week and repeat the dehydration twice more. 

This will provide a sterile substratum on which 

the larvae might be reared.. But pay attention 

to drought tolerant larvae! Most of the drought 

tolerant larvae don’t die with this method, then 

I sorted the substratum under a 

stereomicroscope to be sure there was only one 

larva in each vial. 

Marine environment: 

The only marine larvae I found and tried to 

rear was Thalassomyia, but none was 

successfully reared. The water dried out too 

fast so no larvae could survive. I haven´t tested 

the filter-aquarium suggested by BAY, 1967. 

Supporting cultures: 

Algae. Algae are needed to feed many larvae, 

specially when one has third instar larvae and 

has to rear them till adult. Many algae can be 

good sources for chironomids. One must 

choose the algae according to the aims. I’ve 

chosen to cultivate three different species: 

Ankistrodesmus, Scenedesmus and 

Chlamydomonas. 

Rotifera. Some rotifers might be collected with 

the substratum, and they can be cultivated 

adding some organic nutrients, such as dried 

leaves and rice grains, to filtered water. 

Sometimes benthic colonial species are better 

to feed the larvae. 

Oligochaeta. These animals might be easily 

cultivated. Those associated with leaves might 

be cultivated with some detritus and leaves 

from the place where they were collected. This 

is a good source of food for chironomids since 

one single specimen might be enough food for 

about 7 tanypods. The animals must be cut into 

pieces before being given to the chironomids 

and must be offered in pots. This method both 

protects the chironomids from the Oligochaeta 

mucus, which attaches to the mouth and kills 

the larvae; and prevents water pollution since 

the extra food is taken out immediately. 

Chironomus spp. Some egg masses can be got 

in lakes. Some species have been cultivated as

laboratory insects, and the first and second 

instars are very good food sources for third and 

fourth instar tanypods. 

Importance of Isolated material: 

Quite often there are more than one species of 

the same genus living in the same habitat, so 

rearings are from isolated larvae; this method 

will ensure correct associations of the adults 

with the larval and pupal exuviae. I’ve already 

found seven species of the same genus in the 

littoral zone of one lake (Labrundinia). 

Another way to ensure associations without 

isolating, is to get larvae from egg masses or 

pregnant females, for those, the methods 

described by BRANCH (1923), CREDLAND 

(1973), EDWARD (1963) BIEVER (1965)and 

DOWNE & CASPARY (1973) work very well. 

Notes on the reared material: 

Orthocladiinae 

Antillocladius, Bryophaenocladius, Gymnometriocnemus 

and Orthocladiinae new Genus 

(being described by Morraye & Sæther). No 

additional food is required for these larvae. 

They feed on the sediment and substratum. All 

species I’ve already reared fed on sediment 

and decomposed lichens and bryophytes. Very 

often there are more than one species of 

Bryophaenocladius in the same sample, so be 

sure there is only one larva in the vial. 

Corynoneura, Onconeura (Andersen & 

Sæther, in press) and Thienemanniella. This 

are very easy to rear as the larvae feed on 

flavoured fish food. One must pay attention to 

how much is required, and be sure it won’t 

decompose and waste the water oxygen 

(specially by Thienemanniella). The 

Corynoneura-group and some other genera 

build transparent cocoons for the pupa. Taking 

the pupa out of these cocoons can be very 

difficult without damaging the pupa, so the 

entire dish where the larva became pupa must 

go into the bigger container. Some animals of 

this group emerge in the vials suggested by 

EPLER (1995), but many Thienemanniella 

don’t. 

Cricotopus. The larvae become adult if fed 

with periphyton attached to roots and 

submerged leaves, which must be taken with 

the collection of the larvae. 

Ichthyocladius. These animals live on catfish 

and must stay there till the adults emerge. Each 

fish may have only one larva on it (to prevent 

wrong associations) and must stay in an 

isolated aquarium with a net covering. The fish 

must be fed with periphyton and one doesn’t 

31 

have to be worried about feeding the 

orthoclads. As soon as the pupae emerge, the 

adults must be killed, the pupal exuviae will 

remain on the water surface and the larval 

exuviae will remain in the cocoon attached to 

the fish. 

Tanypodinae 

Ablabesmyia. These larvae may be fed with 

dead chironomid larvae, small living larvae 

and pieces of Oligochaeta. I’ve already reared 

larvae from second instar till adults feeding 

them only with Oligochaeta. 

Coelotanypus and Clinotanypus. Most of the 

larvae were fed with sediment detritus and first 

instar of Chironomini. 

Conchapelopia and Pentaneura. The larvae 

were fed with Oligochaeta only. 

Fittkauimyia. These animals generally won’t 

finish the development without being fed with 

other chironomids or Oligochaeta. 

Labrundinia. The only way to rear these 

animals was with feeding them with algae and 

colonial benthic rotifers. I’ve got some animals 

from eggs to adults feeding them this way. 

Larsia. Many species of this genus can be fed 

only with parts of Oligochaeta. 

Monopelopia. This is a difficult genus that can 

feed on live animals or on detritus. All species 

I’ve reared from Phytotelmata fed on detritus 

and some drops of detritus were sufficient to 

get adults from second instar larvae. 

Acknowledgements: 

This study was supported by the State of São 

Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (project 

00/05903-9 and project 98/05073-4) within the 

BIOTA/FAPESP – The Biodiversity Virtual 

Institute Program (www.biotasp.org.br). Some 

critics on this manuscript deserve mention, 

among them, Adriano S. Melo, Sofia 

Wiedenbrug and Claudio Froehlich. 

References: 

BAY, E. C. 1967. An inexpensive filter-aquarium 

for rearing and experimenting with aquatic 

invertebrates.- Turtox News 45: 146-148. 

BIEVER, K. D. 1965. A rearing technique for the 

colonization of chironomid midges.- Ann. Ent. 

Soc. Am. 58:135-136. 

BRANCH, H. E. 1923. The life history of 

Chironomus cristatus Fabr. With descriptions of 

the species.- J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1:15-30. 

CREDLAND, P. F. 1973. A new method for 

stablishing a permanent laboratory culture of 

Chironomus riparius MEIGEN (Diptera: 

Chironomidae).- Freshwater Biol. 3:45-51.

DOWNE, E. R. A. & V. G. CASPARY 1973. The 

swarming behavior of Chironomus riparius 

(Diptera: Chironomidae) in the laboratory.- Can 

Ent. 105:165-171 

EDWARD, D. H. D. 1963. The biology of a 

parthenogenetic species of Lundstroemia 

(Diptera: Chironomidae), with descriptions of 

immatures stages.- Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.(A) 

38:165-170. 

EPLER, J. H. 1995. Identification manual for the 

larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. 

Revised edition. FL Dept. Environ. Protection, 

Tallahassee, FL. 317 pp 

EPLER, J. H. 2001. Identification manual for the 

larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and 

South Carolina. First edition. FL Dept. Environ. 

Protection, Tallahassee, FL. 526p. 

FRANK, J. H 1983. Bromeliad phytotelmata and 

their biota, especially mosquitoes. In: FRANK, J. 

H. & L. P. LOUNIBOS (eds) Phytotelmata: 

Terrestrial plants as hosts for aquatic insect 

32 

communities.- Plexus Publishing, Medford, 101- 

128p. 

MERRIT, R. W; H. V. RESH & K. W. CUMMINS. 

1996. Design of aquatic insect studies: collecting 

sampling and rearing procedures.- In: MERRIT, 

R. W. & CUMMINS, K. W. (eds). An Introduction 

to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 

Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque Iwoa, 862p. 

TRIVINHO-STRIXINO, S. & G. STRIXINO 1998. 

(Chironomidae, Diptera) associados a troncos de 

árvores sumersos. - Rev. Bras. Ent. 41: 173-178. 

[Editorial comment: I have been very 

successfully using the techniques described 

here for a quarter of a century. Although I 

described the technique in my PhD thesis, 

embarrassingly I never got around to 

publishing them. Humberto has done us a 

service by recording these techniques in print. 

PHL] 

CHIRONOMIDS AND THEIR BUCCAL DEFORMITIES FOUND IN MAGDALENA 

RIVER CATCHMENT (COLOMBIA) AND THE DELICACY OF SPATIAL SCALES 

IN THE TROPICS. 

H.W. Riss 1 , L.B. Nazarova 2 , and R. Ospina T. 3 

1)University of Muenster, Institute of Animal Evolution and Ecology 

(riss@uni-muenster.de) 

2)Kazan State University, Faculty of Ecology (larisa.nazarova@ksu.ru) 

3)National University of Colombia, Department of Biology (rospina@ciencias.ciencias.unal.edu.co) 

The present study investigated the chironomid 

fauna from three stretches of the river 

Magdalena basin: the mouth lagoons at Santa 

Marta, the floodplain lakes of the middle sector 

at Mompox and the river Bogotá up to its 

headwater. 

The biological communities of the Ciénaga de 

Santa Marta have been studied already for 

some decades, owing to the severe 

anthropogenic impacts on this extensive 

aestuary lagoon system at the Caribbean coast 

of Colombia. To aid recuperation water is 

diverted from the Magdalena river through 

artificial channels which causes a high 

sediment import and, consequently, an 

accumulation of particle-bound toxic 

substances, predominantly heavy metals 

(PERDOMO 1998). However, concentration of 

heavy metals in sediments was only slightly 

increased in comparison to other tropical sites 

(NAZAROVA et al. in press), but still five to ten 

times lower than in the middle stretch of the 

river Rhine (STEGGER et al. 2002). 

Macroinvertebrate samples were taken from 

sediments and plant surfaces. The chironomid 

communities (21 species/morpho-species) 

were dominated by Goeldichironomus carus, 

G. devineyae, 3 species of Chironomus, 1 

species of Larsia, and a non-identified 

tanypodid species. The occurrence of 

Fissimentum desiccatum is worth mentioning. 

The frequency of buccal deformities found in 

larvae was 21 percent in average, which 

represents a conspicuously high proportion 

(NAZAROVA et al. in press). 

With respect to these findings more samples 

were investigated from oxbow lagoons of the 

river Magdalena and from the river Bogotá, 

which accounts for a major part of the 

contamination by domestic and industrial 

waste water introduced into the basin. Over 

both reaches heavy metal concentrations in the 

sediments varied over a wide range, reflecting 

moderate to high contamination (NAZAROVA 

et al. in press), i.e. comparable to river Rhine 

sediments (STEGGER et al. 2002). 

In the warm lowland stretches chironomid 

communities (16 sp./msp.) were dominated by 

several species of Chironomus, 

Goeldichironomus and Beardius. In contrast to 

the significantly high level of organic and 

heavy metal contamination deformity 

frequencies ranged from 1.3 to 9 percent only.

In the temperate highlands, species of 

Polypedilum, Parachironomus, as well as 

orthocladiids (Limnophyes, Orthocladius etc.) 

dominated the community (24 sp./msp.). 

Likewise to the above, deformity frequencies 

varied between 2.0 and 8 percent. 

The results nearly force the conclusion that the 

frequency of buccal deformities in chironomid 

larvae cannot be explained by a simple 

correlation with heavy metal concentrations in 

the studied area. As a first approach, two 

reasons for this can be assumed: Firstly, heavy 

metals represent only one of the possible 

stressors which may induce deformities 

(NAZAROVA et al. 2001, VERMEULEN 1995, 

WARWICK 1988). Actually there are no data 

about other agents in the region, and far less do 

we know about the role of synergisms on a 

small spatial scale (e.g. the coincidence with 

oxygen depletion, sediment particle structure 

etc.). After all, organic contamination and thus 

high heterotrophic activity, is a crucial factor 

that determines the structure of the benthic 

community in streams and rivers of the 

investigated region (RISS et al. in press). 

Secondly, the study itself covers a large spatial 

scale which stretches over distinct climatic and 

biogeographic zones. And above all, 

environmental conditions between the extreme 

sites are hardly comparable due to the 

temperature gradient of 18°C on the annual 

average. 

In spite of these restrictions, bioindicative 

assessments like the present one, continue to 

be of great interest for national environmental 

agencies and so may provide a certain financial 

basis for more specific work. Regarding this 

topic, the focus of interest should aim more on 

synergistic processes in the microhabitat, and 

be restricted to one biogeographic region, as 

was mentioned above. Even if political 

conditions in the country complicate the 

realization of such projects, a descriptive 

33 

approach provides a small, but valuable insight 

into ecological and physiological processes 

and by this a useful didactic tool for scientific 

education. 

This work was presented on the 'International 

South American Congress of Limnology - 

Neolimnos 2002' in Leticia/Colombia with 

financial support of the DFG. 

Bibliography 

NAZAROVA, L.B., H.W. RISS & A. KAHLHEBER: 

Some observations of buccal deformities in 

chironomid larvae Diptera: Chironomidae) from 

the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. - 

Caldasia (in press). 

NAZAROVA L.B., L.K. GOVORKOVA, R.M. SABIROV 

& Z.V. LATYPOVA 2001. Morphological 

deformations of chironomid larvae in assessment 

of Kuybishev water reservoir ecological state. - 

Environ. Radioecol. App. Ecol. 7 (2) 22-27. 

PERDOMO, L., I. ENSMINGER, L.F. ESPINOSA, C. 

ELSTER, M. WALLNER-KERSANACH & M.L. 

SCHNETTER 1998. The mangrove ecosystem of 

the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Colombia. 

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sediment. - Mar. Poll. Bull. 37 (8-12) 393-403. 

RISS, H.W., R. OSPINA & J.D. GUTIÉRREZ. 

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macroinvertebrados acuáticos de la sabana de 

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E.I. MEYER 2002. Mentum- und 

Mandibeldeformationen bei Chironomus-Larven 

(Diptera: Chironomidae) als Testkriterium für 

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824. 

VERMEULEN A.C. 1995. Elaboration chironomid 

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stress: the potential application of mixture 

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285. 

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THESES 

PHD-THESIS ON FAUNA, SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 

CHIRONOMIDS OF THE TRIBE CHIRONOMINI (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE) 

OF SOUTH PART OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST (2002) (IN RUSSIAN) 

by Oksana V. Zorina 

Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences Far East Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 

690022 Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: ovz@mailru.com 

The taxonomic revision of chironomids of tribe Chironomini is given for the south of Russian Far East 

for the first time. As a results 123 species from 33 genera are recognized; 11 species and 1 subgenus 

(Miscellanea) new to science are described; 11 species are recorded for the Palaearctic for the first 

time; 1 subgenus and 38 species are registered for Russia for the first time; 69 species are collected for 

Russian Far East for the first time. The names of 2 species are shown to be synonyms. Descriptions of 

previously unknown of female of 10 species and the male of 1 species are given. Preimaginal and 

imaginal systems of the tribe Chironomini are compared and consolidated using literature and original 

data on the metamorphosis of 51 species that are distributed in the south of the Russian Far East. 

Diagnoses and keys to 33 genera and 123 species of Chironomini are given for three stages of 

metamorphosis. Distribution of chironomids of the tribe Chironomini in regions of the south of the 

Russian Far East is reported. The types of distribution of 123 species are analyzed. Seventy-four 

species are recorded in the Palaearctic and 44 species occur in the Holarctic. Text 542 pages, Figures – 

133, References – 188. 

SHORT-COMMUNICATIONS 

NEW NAME FOR Thienemanniella similis CASPERS & REISS, 1989 

NOT MALLOCH, 1915 

By O. A. Sæther 

Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 

Caspers & Reiss (1989) described a new species, Thienemanniella similis, from Turkey. That name is 

preoccupied by Thienemanniella similis (Malloch) originally described as Corynoneura similis 

(Malloch 1915: 413). The species is redescribed by Hestenes & Sæther (2000: 113). 

Thienemanniella caspersi is hereby proposed as a replacement name. 

References 

CASPERS, N. & REISS, F. 1989. Die Chironomidae der Türkei. Teil I: Podonominae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, 

Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Nematocera, Chironomidae). - Entomofauna 10: 105-160. 

HESTENES, T. C. & SÆTHER. 0. A. 2000. Three new Nearctic Thienemanniella Kieffer species with a review of 

the Nearctic species. Pp. 103-127 in: HOFFRICHTER, O. (ed.): Late 20th century research on Chironomidae: 

an anthology from the 13th international symposium on Chironomidae. - Shaker Verl., Aachen, 661 pp. 

MALLOCH, J. R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species 

occurring in the Illinois River. - Ill. St. Lab. nat. Hist. 10: 275-543. 

34

WL/WShL=1.9 or thereabouts 

Peter H. Langton 

In my Key to pupal exuviae of British Chironomidae (1984), I provided a graph of the relationship 

between the lengths of the pupal wing sheath and adult wing (data obtained from reared specimens 

belonging to the Tanypodinae, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae). I continue to find this useful, so I 

reprint the graph here for those who may not have seen the original. 

35

Xth BALBIANI RING WORKSHOP IN VARNA, BULGARIA 

By P. Michailova 

Institute of Zoology, Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

he Xth Balbiani Ring workshop was held on August 31 - September 4, 2001 in Varna - the third 

largest city in Bulgaria, the queen of the Bulgarian Black 

Sea coast. 27 participants were received at Xth Workshop by 

the host Prof.P. Michailova in the famous International 

House of Scientists " Fr.Joliot - Curie", St. Constantine, 

Varna. Institute of Zoology, laboratory of " Cytotaxonomy 

and Evolution" with the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

organized this jubilee Balbiani Ring Workshop, the first in 

the new century. Twenty years ago prof. I.I. Kiknadze and 

her collaborators organized in Novosobirsk the first 

Symposium on " Organization and expression of tissue 

specific genes" having as a main topic the so called Balbiani 

Ring structure of the chromosomes in a particular group of 

insects (Diptera), especially the family Chironomidae. Later, these Symposia were renamed Balbiani 

Ring Workshop. Every two years such workshops have been held in different countries in the world 

where molecular and cytological aspects of Balbiani Ring structure as well as a wide spectrum of 

problems such as heterochromatin, repetitive DNA, molecular and karyotype evolution, were 

discussed. 

Director of the Institute of the Zoology, Corr. member Prof. V. Golemansky opened the Xth Balbiani 

Ring workshop by a welcome address done by him and by the President of the Bulgarian Academy of 

Sciences, Acad. I. Yuhnovski. 

Prof. Kiknadze prepared the Balbiani Ring workshop’s history lecture "From gene to genome". 

Famous specialists came from USA, Brazil, Canada, Russia, Germany, Italy and Bulgaria to 

participate in the workshop. A total of 25 papers directly concerning Balbiani 

ring structure were presented during the workshop. They were presented in four 

sessions: Gene and amplification, Gene structure and evolution, Transposable 

elements and variability, Chromosome structure and evolution. 1 

Workshop, looking at the poster 

The program of the workshop offered sessions dealing with general progress at 

contrasting levels: from molecules to whole organisms, from biodiversity to 

evolution. The abstract book of the BR workshop appeared before the 

workshop. 

The workshop offered the opportunity for old friends to meet again, for 

colleagues from different countries to make new contacts and to develop new 

ideas. 

For one day all participants enjoyed the Bulgarian nature and customs, visiting 

the Botanical garden in north Bulgaria - Balchik and a typical Bulgarian village. 

We discussed the possibilities of the next BR workshop. Different opinions 

were considered: either to be a workshop at the next Chironomidae Symposium 

which will be in USA, or to be a workshop at the next congress of the European 

Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB). 

We believe that Xth BR workshop was successful and fruitful and all foreign guests had a pleasant 

stay in the beautiful ancient resort on the Black sea coast - St. Constantine 

1 Abstracts referring to Chironomidae: see Current Bibliography 

36 

View at the Botanical 

Garden, Balchik

. 

AFRICA: 

LIST OF REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 2002 

South Africa: 

Arthur HARRISON, 111 A Berg Road, Fish 

Hoek 7975, South Africa. 

West Afrika: 

Josef S. AMAKYE, Institute of Aquatic 

Biology (C.S.I.R.), P.O.Box 38, Achimota - 

Accra, Ghana. 

AMERICAS: 

Argentina : 

Julieta MASAFERRO, Department of 

Entomology, Natural History Museum, 

Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. 

Email: J.Massaferro@nhm.ac.uk 

Brazil: 

Marcos CALLISTO, Universidade Federal de 

Minas Gerais, ICB, Depto. Biologia Geral, 

Lab. Limnologia/Ecologia de Bentos, CP. 486, 

CEP. 30.161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 

Email : callisto@mono.icb.ufmg.br 

Canada: 

Ian R. WALKER, Departments of Biology, 

and Earth and Environmental Sciences, North 

Kelowna Campus, Okanagan University 

College, 3333 College Way, Kelowna, BC, 

V1V 1V7, Canada. 

Email: iwalker@ouc.bc.ca 

Central America: 

Carlos DE LA ROSA, Brooker Creek 

Preserve, Pinellas Co. Environmental Mgmt. 

Dept., 1001 Lora Lane, Tarpon Springs, 

Florida 34689, U.S. 

Email: cdelaros@co.pinellas.fl.us 

Mexico: 

Javier ALCOCER, UNAM Campus Iztacala, 

Limnology Lab, Environmental Conservation 

& Improvement Project, Universidad Nacional 

Autonoma de Mexico, Calle 15, #51 San Pedro 

de los Pinos, Mexico City, D.F. 03800, 

Mexico. jalcocer@unamvm1.dgsca.unam.mx 

Suriname: 

Arnoldine BURGOS, Bureau voor Openbare 

Gezondheidszorg, Centraal laboratorium, Rode 

Kruislaan 13 Postbus 1911, Paramaribo, 

Suriname. 

U.S.A.: 

L.C. FERRINGTON Jr., Department of 

Entomology, Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell 

Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 

MN 55108, U.S. 

Tel.: (612) 624-3265. Email: 

ferri016@umn.edu 

ASIA: 

P. R. of China: 

WANG, Xinhua, Biology Dept., Nankai 

University, Tianjin, 300071, China. 

Fax: +86 22 344853. Email: 

xhwang@sun.nankai.edu.cn 

37 

India: 

P.K. CHAUDHURI, Dept of Zoology, 

University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104, 

W.B., India. 

Fax: +91 342 64452 

Iran: 

Seyed Karim MOUSAYI, Dept. of Freshwater 

Biology, The Norwegian College of Fishery 

Science, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. 

Email: karim@nfh.uit.no 

Israel: 

Jehoshua KUGLER, Dept of Zoology, Tel- 

Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. 

Japan: 

Toshio IWAKUMA, Hokkaido University, 

Kita-Jujo-Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Saporo, Hokkaido, 

060 Japan. 

Email: iwakuma@ees.hokudai.ac.jp 

Malaysia: 

A.R. ISMAIL, Jabatan Biologie, University 

Pertanian Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, 

Selangor, Malaysia. 

Far East of Russia: 

Eugenyi A. MAKARCHENKO, Laboratory of 

Freshwater Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology 

and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the 

Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 

Vladivostok - 22, Russia. 

Email: emakar@mail.ru (home) and 

zoology@eastnet.febras.ru (work) 

Lake Baikal and River Angara, South 

Siberia: 

Engelsina ERBAEVA, Institute of Biology, 

Irkutsk State University, P.O. Box 24, Lenin 

street 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia.

South Korea: 

Youn BYEONG-JIN, Pusan National 

University, Department of Biology, #30 

Changjeon-dong Kumjeong-Ku, Pusan 609- 

735, South Korea. 

EUROPE 

Austria: 

Ruth CONTRERAS, Naturhistorisches 

Museum, 2. Zoologische Abt., Burgring 7 

(Box 417), A-1014 Wien, Austria. 

Email: ruth.contreras@nhm-wien.ac.at 

Belgium: 

Boudewijn GODDEERIS, Koninklijk Belgisch 

Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Afdeling 

Zoetwaterbiologie, Vautierstraat 29, B-1040 

Brussel, Belgium. 

Email: goddeeri@kbinirsnb.be 

Bulgaria: 

Paraskeva MICHAILOVA, Institute of 

Zoology, boul. Rouski 1, Bulgarian Academy 

of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Sofia 1000, 

Bulgaria. 

Email: parmich@mail.bol.bg 

Czech Republic: 

Pavel CHVOJKA, National Museum, 

Department of Entomology, Kunratice 1, 

14800 Praha, Czechia. 

Denmark: 

Claus LINDEGAARD, Freshwater Biological 

Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, 51 

Helsingorsgade, DK-3400, Hillerød, Denmark. 

Fax: +45 48241476. Email: 

clindegaard@zi.ku.dk 

Estonia: 

Andu & Kulli KANGUR, Vorstjarv 

Limnological station, EE2454 Rannu, Estonia. 

Email: andu@lim.tartu.ee 

Finland: 

Esa KOSKENNIEMI, West Finland Regional 

Environment Centre, P.O. Box 262, SF-65101 

Vaasa, Finland. 

Email: Esa.Koskenniemi@vyh.fi 

France: 

Yannick R. DELETTRE, C.N.R.S. (U.M.R. 

6553 "ECOBIO") - Universite de Rennes I, 

Station Biologique, F-35380 Paimpont, France. 

Email: yannick.Delettre@univ-rennes1.fr 

Germany: 

SPIES, Martin, Schraemelstr. 151, D-81247 

München, Germany. 

Email: spies@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de 

Hungary: 

György DÉVAI, L. Kossuth University, 

Ecological Institute, H-4010 Debrecen, 

Hungary. 

Iceland: 

Jon Sigurdur OLAFSSON, University of 

Iceland, Institute of Biology, Grensasvegi 12, 

108 Reykjavik, Iceland. Email: jsol@rhi.hi.is 

Italy: 

Bruno ROSSARO, Univ. of Milano, Dept. of 

Biology, Sect. Ecology, via Celoria 26, I- 

20133 Milano, Italy 

Email: rossaro@mailserver.unimi.it 

38 

Ireland: 

Declan MURRAY, Dept of Zoology , 

University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan 

Road, Dublin 4, Ireland. 

Email: declan.murray@ucd.ie. 

The Netherlands: 

Heather A.LESLIE, Department of Aquatic 

Ecology and Ecotoxicology, IBED, Faculty of 

Science, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 

320, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 GB, Amsterdam, 

The Netherlands. 

Email: leslie@science.uva.nl 

Norway: 

Endre WILLASSEN, University of Bergen, 

Institute of Zoology, Museum of Zoology, 

Muséplass 3, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. 

Email: Endre.Willassen@zmb.uib.no# 

Poland: 

Andrzei KOWNACKI, Institute of Freshwater 

Biology, Academy of Sciences, Ul. 

Slawkowska 17, PL-31016 Krakow, Poland.. 

Tel: +48 12 222115 

Romania: 

Maria-Monica TUDORANCEA, Dept.of 

Ecology-Genetics, Faculty of Biology and 

Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, 1 M. 

Kogalniceanu Str., Cluj-Napoca, 3400 

ROMANIA. Email: mtudor@biolog.ubbcluj.ro 

Togliatti: 

Tatiana ZINCHENCO, Institute of Ecology of 

the Volga River Bassin, Russian Academy of 

Sciences, Togliatti 445003, Russia. 

Slovakia : 

Peter BITUSIK, Faculty of Ecology and 

Environmental Sciences, Technical University, 

Masarykova 24, SK-960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia. 

Email: bitusik@vsld.tuzvo.sk 

Spain: 

Narcis PRAT, Dept Ecologia, Diagonal, 645 

Universitat de Barcelona, ES-08028 Barcelona, 

Spain. Fax: (3)4111438. Email: 

narcis@porthos.bio.ub.es 

Sweden: 

Richard K. JOHNSON, University of 

Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, S 75007 

Uppsala, Sweden. Fax: +46 18 673156. Email: 

Richard.Johnson@ma.slu.se

Switzerland: 

Brigitte LODS-CROZET, Service des Eaux, 

Sols et Assainissement, Chemin des 

Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, 

Switzerland. 

Email: brigitte.lods-crozet@sesa.vd.ch 

UK: 

Peter H. LANGTON, 5 Kylebeg Avenue, 

Mountsandel, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, 

Northern Ireland, BT52 1JN - Northern Ireland 

Email: 106375.1453@compuserve.com 

PACIFIC 

Australia: 

Peter S. CRANSTON,, Department of 

Entomology, University of California, One 

Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, US 

Email: pscranston@ucdavis.edu 

New Zealand: 

Ian K.G. BOOTHROYD, Kingett Mitchell & 

Associates, Level 2, ASDA Plaza, 4 Fred 

Thomas Drive, P.O. Box 33849, Takapuna, 

Auckland, New Zealand 

Email: (work) iboothroyd@kma.co.nz (home) 

Ian.b@xtra.co.nz 

39 

Philippines: 

Zenaida Batac CATALAN, Institute of 

Environmental Science and Management, The 

University of the Philippines at Los Baños, 

College, Laguna, Philippines. 

Deadline for CHIRONOMUS 16 is the 

1 st of July 2003 

For changes and updates please visit 

the Chironomidae – Homepage and the 

List of Regional Representatives at: 

http://www.sci.ouc.bc.ca/fwsc/iwalker/intpan 

is/director.html#REGREP

CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Current Bibliography: 1 Jan. 2001 - 31 Dec. 2001 

by Odwin Hoffrichter 

[© 2002 by CHIRONOMUS, and O. Hoffrichter - Associated Editor] 

This listing is compiled, as usual, from many sources: databases, tables of contents of journals, references and 

citations of papers, autopsy of many periodicals, lists provided by authors (thanks to you!). One important source 

is always the Zoological Record (ZR). During the last years, Chironomidae references from the ZR volumes 

invariably yielded between 200-300 records, about one tenth of which used to be new, i.e. they had not been 

retrieved by other means. Nevertheless, not all titles of a particular year can be reported the following year, 

therefore, the current titles are preceded by supplementary of the earlier year (2 years at most). For older titles, 

go to the chironomid home page (http://www.ouc.bc.ca/fwsc/iwalker/intpanis/). As before, only printed titles are 

reported here. Online publications should be retrieved differently, in particular, check the chironomid home page 

for eventual references. 

Supplement to 1999 Current Bibliography: 

additions & corrections 

Ali, A. and Lobinske, R. J. 1999a. Benthic 

macroinvertebrate communities, especially 

Chironomidae and Chaoboridae in two shallow 

lakes in central Florida. - Univ. Fla, IFAS, Res. 

Rep. SAN 99-09. 

Ali, A. and Lobinske, R. J. 1999b. Use of lit-barges 

on Lake Monroe to attract nuisance chironomid 

midges and discourage migration of midge 

swarms to Sanford City, central Florida. - Univ. 

Fla, IFAS, Res. Rep. SAN 2000-04. 

Ali, A. and Lobinske, R. J. 1999c. Invertebrate 

comnmunity structure and population dynamics 

in experimental ponds during spring and 

summer. - Univ. Fla, IFAS, Res. Rep. SAN 2000- 

08. 

Amaya de Guerra, J. y Guerra-Martinez, A. 1999a. 

Diagnóstico del "gusano rojo del arroz" (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) en el alto Valle Jequetepeque, 

Camarca, Perú. - Revta per. Ent. 41: 143-145. 

Bomke, C. 1999a. Die Larven von Chironomus 

piger (Diptera, Chironomidae) als 

Testorganismen für gentoxische Substanzen in 

Wasser und Sedimenten mit Hilfe der Alkalische 

Filterelution zum Nachweis von DNA- 

Strangbrüchen. - Dipl.-Arb., Univ. Köln. 

Brink, P. J. van den and Braak, C. J. F. ter 1999a. 

Principal response curves: Analysis of timedependent 

multivariate responses of biological 

community to stress. - Envir. Toxic. Chemy 18: 

138-148. 

Davies, N. A., Edwards, P. A., Lawrence, M. A. 

M., Taylor, M. G. and Simkiss, K. 1999a. 

Influence of particle surfaces on the 

bioavailability to different species of 2,4dichlorophenol 

and pentachlorophenol. - Envir. 

Sci. Technol. 33: 2465-2468. 

40 

Gislason, G. M., Olafsson, J. S. and Adalsteinsson, 

H. 1999a. Macroinvertebrate communities in 

rivers in Iceland. - In: Friberg, N. and Carl, J. D. 

(eds.): Biodiversity in benthic ecology. Proc. 

Nord. Benthol. Meet. Silkeborg, Denmark, 13-14 

November 1997. Dan. Natn. Envir. Res. Inst. 

NERI Tech. Rep. 266: 53-61. 

Halvorsen, G. A. 1999a. Chironomids as indicators 

of acidification. Report froma pilot project in the 

Northen Lakes Recovery Study. - In: Raddum, 

G. G., Rosselasnd, B. O. and Bowman, J. (eds.): 

Workshop on biological assessment and 

monitoring; evaluations and models. ICP-Wat. 

Rep. 50/99: 73-79. NIVA, Oslo. 

Kangur, K. 1999a. A comparative study of 

Chironomidae in two large lakes of Estonia. - In: 

Friberg, N. and Carl, J. D. (eds.): Biodiversity in 

benthic ecology. Proc. Nord. Benthol. Meet. 

Silkeborg, Denmark, 13-14 November 1997. 

Dan. Natn. Envir. Res. Inst. NERI Tech. Rep. 

266: 113-121. 

Kownacki, A., Galas, J. and Dumnicka, E. 1999a. 

Invertebrate communties of high mountains 

lakes (Tatra Mountains) as acid pollution 

indicators. - In: Raddum, G. G., Rosselasnd, B. 

O. and Bowman, J. (eds.): Workshop on 

biological assessment and monitoring; 

evaluations and models. ICP-Wat. Rep. 50/99: 

57-60. NIVA, Oslo. 

Kyerematen, R. A. K. 1999a. Contribution towards 

a revision of the genus Rheotanytarsus 

Thienemann et Bause, 1913 (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Dr. Phil. Thes., Univ. Bergen. 

Lovvorn, J. R., Wollheim, W. M. and Hart, E. A. 

1999a. High Plains wetlands of southeast 

Wyoming: salinity vegetation, and invertbrate 

communities. - In: Batzer, D., Rader, R. B. and 

Wissinger, S. A. (eds.): Invertebrates in 

freshwater wetlands of North America, pp. 603- 

633. Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Majamaa, H. ja Vaalasti, A. 1999a. 

Akvaariokalatko lemmikiksi allergiselle? 

(Tropical fishes suitable pets for an allergic 

person?) - Duodecim 115: 1229-1230. 

 

Khironomidy. (Chironomidae.) - In: Tsalolikhin, 

S. Ya. (ed.): 

bespozvonochnykh Rossii i sopredel'nykh 

territorii. (Key to freshwater invertebrates of 

Russia and adjacent countries.) vol. 4. Vysshie 

nasekomye. Dvukrylye. (Higher insects. 

Diptera), pp 210-295, 670-857. Zool. Inst. Ross. 

Akad. Nauk, Sankt-Peterburg. 

Michailova, P., Petrova, N., Bovero, S., Hankeln, 

T., Sella, G., Ramella, L. and Schmidt, E. 1999a. 

Chromosome rearrangements and repetitive 

DNA elements in Chironomus thummi (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) from heavy metal polluted 

stations. - Abstr. IXth Int. Balbiani Ring 

Workshop, Milwaukee: 20. 

Milner, A. M., Adamson, E. A. and Roberston, A. 

L. 1999a. Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska; a 

long term record Invertebrate community 

development in a new stream in. [sic!] - In: 

Friberg, N. and Carl, J. D. (eds.): Biodiversity in 

benthic ecology. Proc. Nord. Benthol. Meet. 

Silkeborg, Denmark, 13-14 November 1997. 

Dan. Natn. Envir. Res. Inst. NERI Tech. Rep. 

266: 21-27. 

Orendt, C. 1999b. Mindestwasser-Untersuchung 

Inn (zwischen Jettenbach und Töging) 1999. 

Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Chironomidae. - 

Wasswirt.Amt Rosenheim. 22 pp. 

Ospina-Torres, R., Riss, W. y Ruiz, J. L. 1999a. 

Guía para la identificación genérica de larvas de 

quironómidos (Diptera: Chironomidae) de la 

Sabana de Bogotá. 1. Subfamilia Orthocladiinae. 

- Colección Jorge Alvarez Lleras 13: 363-383. 

Rauch, P. 1999a. Untersuchungen zur 

Phosphorylierung des Ecdysteroidrezeptors und 

Hormon-Rezeptor-Interaktionen bei 

verschiedenen Subklonen der epithelialen 

Zellinie von Chironomus tentans. - Diss., Univ. 

Düsseldorf. 

Simon, M. und Topp, W. (1998)1999a. 

Auswirkungen von Oberflächenstrukturen auf 

die Sukzession von Rohböden im Rheinischen 

Braunkohlenrevier. - Verh. Ges. Ökol. 29: 153- 

160. 

Smijlkov, S. i Šapkarev, J. 1999a. (Taxonomical 

investigations of chironomid larvae (Diptera 

Chironomidae) from waters of the lowland 

region of Ohrid Valley.) - God. Zb. Biol. prir.mat. 

Fak. Univ. S. Kiril i Metodij 51-52: 44-49. 

 

 

özellikleri. (The benthic fauna and some 

41 

 

Turk. J. Zool. 23, Suppl. 3: 829-847. 

Tatole, V. 1999a. Georthocladius retezati (Albu, 

1972) comb. nov. syn. Parachaetocladius 

retezati Albu, 1972 (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Trav. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Grigore Antipa 41: 

331-334. 

Trivinho-Strixino, S. e Strixino, G. 1999a. Insetos 

dípteros quironomídeos. - In: Ismael, D., Valenti, 

W. C., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. e Rocha, O. 

(eds.): Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, 

Brasil. Síntese do conhecimento ao final do 

século XX, 4: Invertebrados de água doce, pp. 

141-148. 

Tsalolikhin, S. Ya. (ed.) 1999a. Opredelitel' 

presnovodnykh bespozvonochnykh Rossii i 

sopredel'nykh territorii 4: Vysshie nasekomye. 

Dvukrylye. (Key to freshwater invertebrates of 

Russia and adjacent lands 4: Higher insects - 

Diptera.). Zool. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sankt- 

Peterburg. 998 pp. 

Wood, P. J. and Armitage, P. D. 1999a. Sediment 

deposition in a small lowland stream - 

management implications. - Regul. Rivers Res. 

Mgmt 15: 199-210. 

Wright, J. F. and Symes, K. L. 1999a. A nine-year 

study of the macroinvertebrate fauna of a chalk 

stream. - Hydrol. Process. 13: 371-385. 

Zhantiev, R. D. and Fyodorova, M. V. 1999a. 

Ul'trastruktura dzhonstonova organa Chironomus 

plumosus (Diptera, Chironomidae). (The fine 

structure of male Johnston's organ of 

Chironomus plumosus L. (Diptera, 

Chironomidae).) - Ent. Obozr. 78: 287-295. 

Supplement to 2000 Current Bibliography: 

additions & corrections 

 

 

roce 1998. (Crayfish diseases and commensals 

found in the Czech Republic in 1998.) - Bull. 

: 

28-32. 

Alves, R. da G. e Strixino, G. 2000a. Influência da 

variação do nível da água sobre a comunidade 

macrobentônica da Lagoa do Diogo (Luiz 

Antônio, SP). - In: Santos, J. E. e Pires, J. S. R. 

(eds.): Estação Ecológica de Jataí 2: 733-742. 

RiMa Ed., São Carlos. 

Andersen, T. 2000a. A new species of Skutzia 

Reiss, 1985 (Chironomidae: Chironominae: 

Tanytarsini) from Henri Pittier National Park, 

Venezuela. - Bol. Ent. venez. 15: 119-125. 

Blais, J. M., Duff, K. E., Schindler, D. W., Smol, J. 

P., Leavitt, P. R. and Agbeti, M. 2000a. Recent

eutrophication histories in Lac Ste. Anne and 

Lake Isle, Alberta, Canada, inferred using 

paleolimnological methods. - Lake Reservoir 

Mgmt. 16: 292-304. 

Boisvert, M. and Boisvert, J. 2000a. Effects of 

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on target 

and nontarget organisms: a review of laboratory 

and field experiments. - Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 

10: 517-561. 

Eriksson, N. E., Möller, C., Wihl, J. Å. and 

Zolubas, M. 2000a. Atopisku zmonilu, serganciu 

bronchine astma arba alergifflu rinitu 

sensibilizacija remiantis 24 kliniku Siaurés 

Europoje ir Azijoje duomenimis. (Skin prick 

tests and IgE determinations with common 

inhalant allergens, inhalant insect allergens and 

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