. Railway mechanical engineer . and center sills. 4. Underframe designed to carry pulling and buffing loadsonly. The first type has reference to a construction where deepcenter sills are used in conjunction with a light side girder,as shown in Fig. 1. Most underframes of this type now inservice are built with cast steel end portions which includein one casting the body bolster, platform, side and center 228 KAll.WAV AGE GAZETTE. MECHANICAL EDITION oL. 89, Xo. 5 sills extending as far back as the bolster. This design offraming requires very deep sills, which represent additionalweight over tha

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. Railway mechanical engineer . and center sills. 4. Underframe designed to carry pulling and buffing loadsonly. The first type has reference to a construction where deepcenter sills are used in conjunction with a light side girder, as shown in Fig. 1. Most underframes of this type now inservice are built with cast steel end portions which includein one casting the body bolster, platform, side and center 228 KAll.WAV AGE GAZETTE. MECHANICAL EDITION oL. 89, Xo. 5 sills extending as far back as the bolster. This design offraming requires very deep sills, which represent additionalweight over that necessary for any other type. Unquestion-ably the lightest car designed to uniform specifications asto strength would not be found among this first class. Thisadditional weight does not mean an extraordinary increase, as from direct comparison it would appear not to exceed4, 000 lb. per car under usual circumstances, but on account fii^^f^^ CronStcthnofCfnhrSillaf Center 41SSq.lrt-SideOindtr , 3SM . .TotalSecHonArea 82.78 . •. -+-* 5 Fig. 1—Underframe with Deep Center Sills and Light Side Girders of the necessity of the center framing having to sustain itscwM weight and that of the entire superstructure withciutdeflection on a long span, it is necessary to use too muchmetal to be economical. With this style of framing, it is pos-sible to secure a center line of draft coinciding with theneutral a.xis of the center sill at the center of the car. Thestress per square inch on the center sills, due to any assumednia.ximum force of impact, would be equal to this forcedivided by the area of the section to be analyzed. Wheresuch deep sills are used, it sometimes happens that the neutral Crrjii Sectonol JSrea at Center, CenterSi/f 4Z.6ISq.ln. . , 5ide0:rder Z8.3i . • . Total 10.97 . . Draft Gear ZT. 25. Light tl/eight of Car nifh Trucks 139.0110lb. lOxi^aePlafe SiiiftSIO Plate ZotfiX 700Pto)e I 30, ff, 70oKi, /, 3i, 3fxi-L^J / 3f.3f.j^L ^f4