. The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea . in which the Nubians and Abyssinians ofthe present day envelop themselves. It could be drapedin various ways ; transversely over the leff; shoulderlike the fringed shawl of the Chaldeans, or hangingstraight from both shoulders like a mantle.1 In fact,it did duty as a cloak, sheltering the wearer fromthe sun or from the rain, from the heat or fromthe cold. They never sought to transform itinto a luxurious garment of state, as was thecase in later times with the Eornan toga,whose amplitude secured a certain dignity ofcarriage, and whose folds, car

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. The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea . in which the Nubians and Abyssinians ofthe present day envelop themselves. It could be drapedin various ways ; transversely over the leff; shoulderlike the fringed shawl of the Chaldeans, or hangingstraight from both shoulders like a mantle.1 In fact, it did duty as a cloak, sheltering the wearer fromthe sun or from the rain, from the heat or fromthe cold. They never sought to transform itinto a luxurious garment of state, as was thecase in later times with the Eornan toga, whose amplitude secured a certain dignity ofcarriage, and whose folds, carefully adjustedbeforehand, fell around the body withstudied grace. The Egyptian mantle, whennot required, was thrown aside and foldedup. The material being fine and soft, itoccupied but a small space, and was re-duced to a long thin roll ; the ends beingthen fastened together, it was slung overthe shoulder and round the body like acavalry cloak.3 Travellers, shepherds, allthose whose occupations called them to the fields, carried it as a bundle. A DIGNITARY WRAPPED IN HIS LARGE CLOAK.2 1 This costume, to which Egyptologists have not given sufficient attention, is frequently repre-sented on the monuments. Besides the two statues reproduced above, I may cite those of TJahibriand of Thoth-nofir in the Louvre (E. de Rougé, Notice des Monuments de la Galérie Égyptienne, 1872, Nos. 55 and 91, pp. 32, 44), and the Lady Nofrit in the Gizeh Museum (Maspero, Guide du visiteur, No. 1050, p. 221). Thothotpu in his tomb wears this mantle (Lepsids, Denlcm., ii. 134 e). Khnum-hotpu and several of his workmen are represented in it at Beni-Hasan (Lepsius, Denlcm., ii. 126, 127), as also one of the princes of Elephantinê in the recently discovered tombs, besides many Egyptiansof all classes in the tombs of Thebes (a good example is in the tomb of Harmhabi, Champollion, Monuments de lÉgypte, pl. clvi. 2 ; Bosellini, Monumenti Civili, pl. cxvi. 1 ; Bouriant, Le TombeaudHarmhabi, in the Mémoires d